THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF   ILLINOIS 

LIBRARY 


e_o-io.  >O 

AGRICULTURAL 

IIBRARV 


UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 

Agricultural  Experiment  Station 


BULLETIN  No.  206 


FIELD  EXPERIMENTS  IN  SPRAYING  APPLE 
ORCHARDS  IN  1913  AND  1914 


BY 

B.  S.  PICKETT 
O.  S.  WATKINS 
W.  A.  EUTH 
A.  J.  GUNDEESON 


URBANA,  ILLINOIS,  APRIL,  1918 


CONTENTS  OF  BULLETIN  No.  206 

PAGE 

INTRODUCTION 429 

SPRAYING  EXPERIMENTS  IN  1913  AT  NEOGA,  CUMBERLAND  COUNTY 432 

SPRAYING  EXPERIMENTS  IN  1914  AT  NEOGA,  CUMBERLAND  COUNTY 441 

SPRAYING  EXPERIMENTS  IN  1913  AT  FLORA,  CLAY  COUNTY 449 

SPRAYING  EXPERIMENTS  IN  1913  AT  GRIGGSVILLE,  PIKE  COUNTY 458 

SPRAYING  EXPERIMENTS  IN  1914  AT  GRIGGSVILLE,  PIKE  COUNTY 472 

GENERAL  SUMMARY 

SUMMARY  OF  DATA 490 

INCIDENTAL  OBSERVATIONS  504 

RECOMMENDATIONS  ..                                                                                        .  505 


FIELD  EXPERIMENTS  IN  SPRAYING  APPLE 
ORCHARDS  IN  1913  AND  1914 

INTRODUCTION 

BY  B.  S.  PICKETT,  ASSISTANT  CHIEF  IN  POMOLOGY 

OBJECTS  OF  FIELD  EXPERIMENTS  IN  SPRAYING  APPLE  ORCHARDS  IN 

1913  AND  1914 

In  view  of  the  exhaustive  investigations  already  made  by  the  De- 
partment of  Horticulture  in  spraying  for  the  control  of  insects  and 
diseases  attacking  the  apple,1  it  seems  advisable  to  explain  the  neces- 
sity for  further  experiments  in  spraying. 

No  single  operation  in  apple  growing  yields  such  immediate  and 
large  returns  for  the  money  and  time  invested  as  spraying.  In  fact, 
it  is  a  rare  season  in  Illinois  when  unsprayed  apples  are  marketable, 
except  for  cider  and  evaporating  purposes.  The  extreme  importance 
of  the  operation,  in  itself,  is  therefore  sufficient  cause  for  unremitting 
experimental  efforts  to  make  it  more  and  more  effective  and  less  and 
less  costly.  New  sprays  are  constantly  being  placed  on  the  market, 
by  enterprising  firms  dealing  in  spraying  materials.  New  forms  of 
standard  insecticides  and  fungicides,  whose  merits  and  faults  call  for 
investigation,  are  introduced  annually.  Some  of  the  effects  of  the 
standard  sprays  are  not  yet  fully  understood,  as,  for  example,  Bor- 
deaux russet,  yellowing  of  the  leaves  following  the  use  of  Bordeaux, 
and  lime-sulfur  burn.  The  efficiency  of  the  standard  sprays  varies  in 
different  seasons,  and  only  the  cumulative  data  of  many  years  of  ex- 
perimental work  seem  likely  to  afford  records  sufficient  to  permit  a 
conclusive  coordination  between  climatic  conditions  and  the  effects  of 
the  sprays.  Methods  of  application,  including  amounts,  pressures, 
character  of  agitation,  and  machinery,  are  not  yet  perfect;  each  sea- 
son's experiments  show  a  need  for  further  tests  along  these  lines. 

The  field  experiments  in  spraying  in  1913  and  1914  included  fur- 
ther tests  of  the  effectiveness  and  relative  values  of  the  standard  sprays 
on  the  control  of  fungi  and  insects  affecting  the  apple  crop,  of  several 
makes  and  brands  of  arsenate  of  lead,  certain  new  and  proprietary 
fungicides,  several  methods  of  preparing  and  using  copper  ferro- 
cyanide,  the  effects  of  varying  quantities,  pressures,  and  nozzle  open- 
ings, the  use  of  Bordeaux  for  some  applications  and  lime  sulfur  for 
the  remaining  applications  in  the  spray  schedule  of  the  same  season, 
the  effects  of  certain  special  spray  practices  on  the  control  of  codling 
moth,  and  the  efficiencies  of  various  strengths  of  lime  sulfur. 


irThe  details  of  these  investigations  are  contained  in  Bulletins  98,  106,  114, 
117,  118,  135,  and  185,  and  popularized  in  Circulars  112,  120,  136,  137,  159,  160, 
171,  and  172. 

429 


430  BULLETIN  No.  206  [April, 

ORGANIZATION 

The  experimental  orchards  were  located  at  Neoga  in  Cumberland 
county,  at  Flora  in  Clay  county,  and  at  Griggsville  in  Pike  county. 
O.  S.  Watkins  conducted  the  experiments  at  Neoga,  W.  A.  Ruth,  those 
at  Flora,  and  A.  J.  Gunderson,  those  at  Griggsville. 

STANDARD  SPRAYS:    FORMULAS  AND  PREPARATION 

Except  where  noted  in  connection  with  the  individual  experiments, 
the  Standard  sprays  used  were  prepared  according  to  the  following 
formulas  and  directions: 

Bordeaux. — Eight  pounds  copper  sulfate,  8  pounds  freshly  slaked 
lump  lime,  100  gallons  water.  The  mixture  was  prepared  by  dissolv- 
ing the  copper  sulfate  in  half  the  total  quantity  of  water  used,  and 
mixing  the  slaked  lime  with  the  other  half.  The  diluted  solution  and 
the  diluted  mixture  of  lime  were  then  poured  simultaneously  thru  a 
sieve,  either  into  the  mixing  tank  or  directly  into  the  spray  tank. 

Lime  Sulfur,  Commercial,  for  Summer  Sprays. — Eight  pounds  of 
sulfur  in  100  gallons  of  spray  (3  gallons  commercial  concentrated 
lime  sulfur  to  97  gallons  of  water,  or  3  gallons  commercial  concen- 
trated lime  sulfur  in  100  gallons  of  the  dilute  summer  spray). 

Lime  Sulfur,  Commercial,  for  Dormant  Spray. — Twenty-nine  to 
30  pounds  of  sulfur  in  100  gallons  of  spray  (11  gallons  commercial 
concentrated  lime  sulfur  to  89  gallons  of  water,  or  11  gallons  commer- 
cial concentrated  lime  sulfur  in  100  gallons  of  spray). 

Lime  Sulfur,  Homemade,  for  Summer  Sprays. — Eight  pounds  of 
sulfur  in  100  gallons  of  spray  (5^  gallons  stock  solution  homemade 
lime  sulfur  to  941/*)  gallons  of  water,  or  5^  gallons  stock  solution  home- 
made lime  sulfur  in  100  gallons  of  spray). 

Lime  Sulfur,  Homemade,  for  Dormant  Spray. — Twenty-nine 
pounds  of  sulfur  in  100  gallons  of  spray  (20  gallons  stock  solution 
homemade  lime  sulfur  to  80  gallons  of  water,  or  20  gallons  stock  solu- 
tion homemade  lime  sulfur  in  100  gallons  of  spray). 

Stock  Solution,  Homemade  Lime  Sulfur. — One  hundred  pounds  of 
salfur,  50  pounds  of  lime,  water  to  make  66  gallons.1  Homemade  lime 
sulfur  was  prepared  by  placing  in  a  large  kettle  15  gallons  of  water 
and  50  pounds  of  good  lime,  free  from  air-slaked  particles.  When  the 
lime  was  slaking  vigorously,  100  pounds  of  powdered  sulfur  was 
poured  in  and  mixed  thoroly  with  the  lime.  Sufficient  water  was 
added  gradually  to  prevent  the  lime  from  drying  out  during  the  proc- 
ess of  slaking.  As  soon  as  the  lime  was  thoroly  slaked  and  the  sulfur 
thoroly  mixed,  enough  water  was  added  to  bring  the  total  volume  to 
66  gallons  or  a  little  more.  Boiling  was  continued  for  30  to  45  min- 
utes, water  being  added  from  time  to  time  to  keep  the  volume  at  66 
gallons.  By  following  this  method  it  was  found  possible  to  get  the 

Illinois  formula. 


1918]  SPRAYING  APPLE  ORCHARDS  IN  1913  AND  1914  431 

•maximum  amount  of  sulfur  into  solution.  The  boiling  was  done  in 
large  iron  kettles  heated  over  simple  outdoor  fireplaces  or  in  75- 
gallon  feed  cookers. 

Arsenate  of  Lead. — Four  pounds  of  paste  arsenate  of  lead  in  100 
gallons  of  water,  Bordeaux,  or  lime  sulfur.  The  arsenate  of  lead  was 
worked  up  with  a  small  quantity  of  water  into  a  mixture  that  would 
pour  readily  and  mix  evenly  with  the  water  or  fungicide  when  sub- 
jected to  the  action  of  the  agitator  in  the  spray  tank. 

TIMES  OF  APPLICATION 

The  various  applications  are  designated  as  follows:  dormant-tree 
spray,  first,  second,  third,  and  fourth  summer  sprays,  and  extra  sprays. 
The  dormant-tree,  or  winter,  spray  is  applied  between  the  falling  of 
the  leaves  in  autumn  and  the  swelling  of  the  buds  in  spring.  Its 
primary  function  is  the  destruction  of  scale  insects.  The  first  sum- 
mer spray  is  applied  between  the  bursting  of  the  cluster  buds  and  the 
opening  of  the  blossom  buds.  The  application  of  the  second  summer 
spray  is  begun  as  soon  as  most  of  the  petals  have  fallen.  It  is  followed 
in  about  ten  days  by  the  third  application.  The  time  of  the  later 
applications  varies,  depending  on  the  purposes  for  which  they  are 
given.  The  exact  dates  of  the  applications  in  these  experiments  are 
given  with  each  report. 

RECORDS 

The  records  of  these  experiments  include  data  of  insect  and  fun- 
gous attacks  on  both  fruit  and  foliage  and  of  the  amount  and  char- 
acter of  spray  injury,  percentages  of  the  various  grades  of  fruit,  and 
observations  of  prevailing  conditions  of  weather.  Dropped  apples 
were  examined  at  intervals  thruout  the  season,  and  at  harvesting  time 
both  dropped  and  picked  apples  were  examined  for  evidences  of  dis- 
ease and  insect  injury,  the  observations  being  tabulated  for  compara- 
tive study.  Frequent  observations  of  the  effectiveness  of  the  sprays 
in  controlling  insects  and  fungi  attacking  the  foliage,  or  of  their  be- 
ing in  themselves  the  cause  of  injury,  were  also  recorded.  Weather 
observations  were  recorded  in  the  form  of  daily  maximum  and  mini- 
mum temperatures,  temperatures  at  stated  hours,  rainfall,  cloudiness, 
and  direction  of  the  wind. 

ARRANGEMENT  OF  SUBJECT  MATTER 

The  method  of  presenting  the  data  obtained  in  the  spraying  ex- 
periments in  1913  and  1914  is  similar  to  that  used  in  Bulletin  185, 
which  gives  the  data  recorded  during  the  years  1909-12.  A  yearly 
report  is  made  by  each  experimenter,  giving  at  length  the  plan  of  the 
experiment,  conditions,  methods,  data,  and  summary  of  results.  A 
general  summary  of  all  the  results  for  the  two  years  follows.  Finally, 
a  series  of  spraying  recommendations  is  given. 


432  BULLETIN  No.  206  [April, 


SPRAYING  EXPERIMENTS  IN  1913  AT  NEOGA,  CUMBER- 
LAND COUNTY 

'  BY  O.  S.  WATKINS,  ASSOCIATE  IN  HORTICULTURAL  CHEMISTRY 

OBJECTS 

The  chief  objects  of  the  investigations  at  Neoga  in  1913  were  to 
determine  (1)  the  comparative  values  of  several  brands  of  arsenate 
of  lead,  alone  and  in  combination  v/ith  lime  sulfur;  (2)  the  value 
of  a  fourth  summer  spray  for  the  control  of  second-brood  codling 
moth;  and  (3)  the  relation  of  pressure  to  Bordeaux  injury. 

LOCATION  AND  DESCRIPTION  OF  ORCHARD 

An  orchard  owned  by  H.  A.  Aldrich  and  Company  and  situated 
one-half  mile  west  of  the  railroad  station  at  Neoga  was  chosen  for 
these  experiments.  The  120  acres  comprizing  the  orchard  were 
planted  to  several  different  .varieties  of  apples,  thereby  affording  ideal 
pollinizing  conditions.  Since  the  planting  of  the  orchard  in  1900,  it 
had  received  excellent  care ;  hence  the  trees  were  in  a  very  healthy 
condition.  Seven  acres  of  Ben  Davis  trees  and  five  acres  of  Jonathan 
trees  were  selected  for  experimental  purposes.  These  tracts  were  di- 
vided into  plats  of  four  to  ten  trees  each,  the  various  plats  being 
treated  differently.  Scattered  among  the  plats  were  certain  trees 
which  were  not  sprayed,  and  which  were  reserved  for  comparison  with 
the  sprayed  trees.  The  arrangement  of  the  plats  is  shown  in  Fig.  1. 

APPARATUS  AND  MATERIALS 

The  sprays  were  prepared  according  to  the  methods  described  on 
pages  430  and  431.  They  were  applied  with  a  Friend  power  outfit; 
unless  otherwise  stated,  a  pressure  of  about  135  pounds  was  used.  A 
single  Friend  angle  nozzle  was  used  on  the  tower  pole,  and  a  Gould 
double  Mistry,  attached  to  an  angle  Y,  was  used  on  the  ground  pole. 

The  brands  of  arsenate  of  lead  tested  were  Corona  dry,  Vreeland 
powdered,  and  Grasselli,  Hemingway,  Sherwin-Williams,  and  Thorn- 
sen  pastes. 

WEATHER    CONDITIONS 

The  weather  conditions  for  1913  were  far  from  normal.  Early 
in  May  a  drouth  began  which  continued  until  late  in  August.  The 
combined  rainfall  of  May,  June,  July,  and  the  first  three  weeks  in 
August  was  less  than  four  inches,  and  at  no  time  was  there  as  much 


SPRAYING  APPLE  ORCHARDS  IN  1913  AND  1914 


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434  BULLETIN  No.  206  [April, 

as  one-half  inch  in  a  single  rain.  The  orchard  was,  therefore,  in  a 
very  dry  condition  all  summer.  Even  the  spray  pond  was  exhausted 
during  the  third  application,  and  water  for  the  remainder  of  this 
application  and  for  all  of  the  fourth  was  hauled  from  a  well  in  town. 
On  five  days  in  June,  eight  days  in  July,  seven  days  in  August,  and 
two  days  in  September,  the  temperature  exceeded  100°  F.  During 
this  dry  season  no  fungous  diseases  developed;  hence  the  data  col- 
lected relate  chiefly  to  codling-moth  injury. 

The  trees  came  into  bloom  early  in  May.  The  bloom  cf  the  Jona- 
than trees  was  very  heavy,  but  that  of  the  Ben  Davis  trees  was  light 
and  scattering.  The  weather  was  excellent  for  pollination,  and  a  very 
good  set  of  fruit  resulted  wherever  there  was  good  bloom. 

SPRAY   DATES 

The  entire  orchard  was  given  a  winter. application  of  lime  sulfur 
early  in  April.  Three  or  four  summer  applications  were  made  upon 
or  near  the  following  dates :  April  24,  May  12,  May  22,  and  July  8. 

TESTS  OF  VARIOUS  BRANDS  OF  ARSENATE  OF  LEAD  ALONE  AND  IN 
COMBINATION  WITH  LIME  SULFUR 

These  tests  were  made  with  the  Ben  Davis  variety  on  plats  of 
four  to  six  trees  each.  The  plats  were  treated  as  shown  in  Tables  1 
and  2.  In  every  case,  applications  were  made  on  the  same  day  and 
under  conditions  as  nearly  alike  as  possible. 

EFFECT  ON  FOLIAGE 

Little  difference  was  noticed  in  the  appearance  of  the  foliage  given 
the  various  treatments.  As  late  as  September  it  was  impossible  to 
distinguish  the  unsprayed  trees  from  the  sprayed,  except  by  close  in- 
spection. Where  arsenate  of  lead  alone  was  used,  no  spray  injury 
of  any  kind  appeared.  Plat  28,  sprayed  with  Vreeland  powdered  ar- 
senate of  lead  and  lime  sulfur,  showed  a  small  amount  of  leaf -burning 
shortly  after  the  third  application,  but  this  resulted  in  no  serious 
injury  to  the  foliage. 

EFFECT  ON  FRUIT 

The  fruit  from  the  plats  sprayed  with  arsenate  of  lead  without  a 
fungicide  was  picked  October  14,  with  the  results  presented  in  Table 
1.  Less  than  half  a  crop  was  harvested;  consequently  the  records  ob- 
tained may  not  be  considered  entirely  conclusive.  A  very  severe  in- 
festation of  codling  moth  was  present;  in  fact  the  unsprayed  trees 
showed  nearly  100-percent  injury.  In  both  the  sprayed  and  the  un- 
sprayed plats,  the  smaller  the  crop,  the  greater  was  the  injury.  In 


1918] 


SPRAYING  APPLE  ORCHARDS  IN  1913  AND  1914 


435 


the  plat  sprayed  with  Grasselli  arsenate  of  lead,  where  less  than  a 
bushel  of  apples  per  tree  was  produced,  the  infestation  was  severe. 
The  best  control  was  shown  in  the  plat  sprayed  with  Sherwin-Williams 
arsenate  of  lead,  where  the  trees  yielded  considerably  more  fruit. 

TABLE  1. — EFFECTS  OF   DIFFERENT  ARSENATES  OF  LEAD  USED  ALONE,  ON  BEN 
DAVIS  APPLES,  IN  THE  EXPERIMENTS  AT  NEOGA,  1913 


Plat 

Treatment 

Appli- 
ca- 
tions 

Picked   apples 

Total 
No. 

Percentage  affected  by  — 

Codling  moth 

Russet 

Calyx 

Side 

Total 

19 
21 

23 
Check 

4-100  Grasselli  arsenate  of  lead 
4-100  Sherwin-Williams  arse- 
nate of  lead  

1,2,3 
1,2,3 

:1,  2,  3 
•None 

528 
2310 

2096 
416 

3 

4 

1 

18 

63 
30 

43 

80 

66 
34 

44 
98 

0 
0 

0 
0 

2-100  Corona  ^dry  arsenate  of 
lead  

No  treatment  

Most  of  the  trees  sprayed  with  the  various  arsenatcs  of  lead  in 
combination  with  lime  sulfur  produced  a  half  crop  or  more.  This 
was  picked  October  14 ;  the  results  of  the  examinations  are  shown  in 
Table  2.  The  trees  in  these  plats,  like  those  sprayed  with  arsenate  of 
lead  alone,  showed  a  large  amount  of  codling-moth  injury ;  here,  also, 
the  degree  of  injury  tended  to  vary  with  the  yield  of  fruit.  Plat  25, 
sprayed  with  4-100  Corona  dry  arsenate  of  lead,  and  having  the 
largest  yield  of  fruit,  showed  the  least  injury  from  codling  moth.  Only 
one  plat,  that  receiving  Vreeland  powdered  arsenate  of  lead,  showed 
any  russet;  9  percent  of  the  fruit  from  that  plat  was  sufficiently 
russeted  to  be  graded  with  the  culls. 

TABLE  2. — EFFECTS  OF  DIFFERENT  ARSENATES  OF  LEAD  IN  COMBINATION  WITH 
LIME  SULFUR,  ON  BEN  DAVIS  APPLES,  IN  THE  EXPERIMENTS  AT  NEOGA,  1913 


Plat 

Treatment 

Appli- 
ca- 
tions 

Picked  apples 

Total 
No. 

Percentage  affected  by  —  • 

Codling  moth 

Russet 

Calyx 

Side 

Total 

A, 
24 
25 
26 

27 
28 

Check 

4-100  Grasselli  arsenate  of  lead 
with  lime  sulfur  

1,  2,3 
1,2,3 
1,2,3 

1,  2,  3 
1,2,3 

1,  2,  3 
None 

1530' 
2060 
3571 

1064 
1800 

2112 
416 

5 
2 
2 

5 

7 

14 
18 

45. 
49 
38 

56 
56 

50 

80 

50 
51 
40 

61 
63 

64 
98 

0 
0 
0 

0 
0 

9 
0 

2-100  Corona  dry  arsenate  of 
lead  with  lime  sulfur  .... 
4-100  Corona  dry  arsenate  of 
lead    with    lime    sulfur.. 
4-100  Thomsen  triplumbic  ar- 
senate of  lead  with  lime 
sulfur  

4-100  Hemingway  arsenate  of 
lead  with  lime  sulfur.  .  .    . 

2-100  Vreeland  powdered  ar- 
senate of  lead  with  lime 
sulfur  

No  treatment    

436 


•BULLETIN  No.  206 


[April, 


The  results  of  this  experiment,  altho  hardly  consistent,  somewhat 
favor  the  Grasselli  paste  and  Corona  dry  arsenates  of  lead. 

VALUE  OF  A  FOURTH  SUMMER  SPRAY  FOR  SECOND-BROOD  CODLING  MOTH 

It  has  been  a  question  among  growers  whether  the  second-brood 
codling  moth  did  sufficient  injury  to  warrant  a  special  application  to 
prevent  it.  To  determine  the  value  of  a  fourth  summer  spray,  applied 
early,  in  July,  at  the  proper  time  to  check  the  attacks  of  second-brood 
codling  moth,  two  plats  of  Ben  Davis  trees  were  sprayed  as  shown  in 
Table  3.  Commercial  lime  sulfur  und  Grasselli  arsenate  of  lead  paste 
were  used. 

In  order  to  determine  the  effect  of  the  spray  upon  an  earlier  ripen- 
ing variety,  experiments  were  also  conducted  on  Jonathan  apples, 
which  mature  two  or  three  weeks  earlier  than  Ben  Davis.  Valuable 
results  were  secured,  for  the  fruit  of  this  variety  was  picked  before  a 
third  brood,  which  appeared  very  late  in  the  season,  began  to  work. 
The  treatments  for  the  Jonathan  plats  are  shown  in  Table  4.  Each 
plat  was  divided  into  two  sections  of  five  trees  each ;  one  section  was 
sprayed  three  times  and  the  other  four  times. 

EFFECT   ON   FOLIAGE 

No  foliage  injury  of  any  kind  appeared.  On  the  Ben  Davis  trees 
the  fourth  application  was  visible  thru  the  entire  season.  On  the 
Jonathan  plats,  wherever  Bordeaux  arsenate  of  lead  was  used,  the 
?pray  remained  visible  longer  than  where  other  sprays  were  applied. 


EFFECT  ON  FRUIT 

The  Ben  Davis  plats  produced  a  small  crop,  which  was  picked 
October  15,  giving  the  results  presented  in  Table  3.  Here  the  benefits 
of  the  fourth  application  could  not  be  determined,  for  a  third  brood 
of  moths  began  infesting  the  apples  early  in  October,  upon  which  the 
application  made  in  July  exerted  no  influence.  This  late  brood  far 
outnumbered  the  first  and  second  broods  combined. 

TABLE  3. — EFFECTS  OF  SPRAYING  FOR  SECOND-BROOD  CODLING    MOTH,  ON    BEN 
DAVIS  APPLES,  IN  THE  EXPERIMENTS  AT  NEOGA,  1913 


Plat 

Treatment 

Appli- 
ca- 
tions 

Picked  apples 

Total 
No. 

Percentage  affected 
by  codling  moth 

Calyx 

Side 

Total 

A, 

As 
Check 

Lime  sulfur  arsenate  of  lead  

1,  2,  3 
1,2,3,4 
None 

1530 
822 
416 

1 

18 

45 
50 
80 

50 
53 
98 

Lime  sulfur  arsenate  of  lead  

No  treatment  

1918] 


SPRAYING  APPLE  ORCHARDS  IN  1913  AND  1914 


437 


All  the  Jonathan  plats  produced  a  good  crop.  The  fruit  was 
picked  September  23,  and  showed  the  results  presented  in  Table  4. 
The  fourth  application  reduced  codling-moth  infestation  from  15  to 
47  percent  wherever  used,  thus  demonstrating  the  effectiveness  and 
value  of  this  spray,  especially  for  seasons  like  that  of  1913,  when  the 
insect  was  present  in  such  large  numbers.  In  contrast  to  the  Ben 
Davis  plats,  where  the  fruit  was  harvested  after  the  appearance  of 
a  third  brood,  the  fruit  from  the  Jonathan  plats  showed  the  actual 
degree  of  control  exercised  by  the  sprays  on  the  second  brood.  Quite 
a  number  of  apples  were  cracked,  probably  as  a  result  of  rapid  growth 
caused  by  the  rains  which  fell  just  previous  to  the  ripening  of  the 
fruit. 

TABLE  4. — EFFECTS  OF  SPRAYING  FOR  SECOND-BROOD  CODLING  MOTH,  ON 
JONATHAN  APPLES,  IN  THE  EXPERIMENTS  AT  NEOGA,  1913 


Plat 

Treatment 

Appli- 
ca- 
tions 

Picked  apples 

Total 
No. 

Percentage  affected  by  — 

Codling  moth 

Crack- 
ing 

Calyx 

Side 

Total 

4 

Copper  ferrocyanide  arsenate 

of  lead  

1,  2.  3 

4234 

3 

29 

32 

3 

Copper  ferrocyanide  arsenate 

j        )    ^ 

of  lead  

1,  2,  3,  4 

2391 

2 

15 

17 

2 

7 

Lime  sulfur  arsenate  of  lead.  . 

7         7    ^) 

1,2,3 

3739 

2 

24 

26 

5 

Lime  sulfur  arsenate  of  lead  .  .  . 

1,2,3,4 

5067 

3 

14 

17 

3 

8 

Lime  sulfur  arsenate  of  lead.. 

1,  2 

Bordeaux  arsenate  of  lead  .  .  . 

3 

4050 

2 

25 

27 

"     4 

Lime  sulfur  arsenate  of  lead.  . 

1,  2 

Bordeaux  arsenate  of  lead  .  .  . 

3,  4 

4261 

5 

18 

23 

4 

12 

Bordeaux  arsenate  of  lead.  . 

1,2,3 

3474 

7 

27 

34 

12 

Bordeaux  arsenate  of  lead  .... 

1,2,3,4 

5800 

6 

20 

26 

6 

Check 

No    treatment  .  . 

None 

456 

32    . 

52 

84 

2 

NOTE. —  Four  pounds  of  Grasselli  arsenate  of  lead  paste  were  added  to  each 
100  gallons  of  spray.  The  copper  ferrocyanide  was  made  from  2  pounds  of  copper 
sulfate  dissolved  in  50  gallons  of  water,  and  2  pounds  of  potassium  ferrocyanide  dis- 
solved in  another  50  gallons  of  water,  poured  together  simultaneously.  Commercial 
lime  sulfur  and  8-8-100  Bordeaux  were  used. 


EFFECT  OF  PRESSURE  ON  BORDEAUX  INJURY 

.In  1905  the  Station  began  an  investigation  to  determine  the  cause 
of  injury  following  the  'use  of  Bordeaux.  It  had  been  noticed  that 
whenever  the  material  was  applied  with  a  hand  outfit  at  a  pressure 
of  about  100  pounds,  there  was  less  injury  than  when  it  was  applied 
with  a  power  sprayer,  which  gave  a  higher  pressure.  To  gain  further 
information  on  this  point,  8-8-4-100  Bordeaux  arsenate  of  lead  was 
applied  to  Jonathan  trees  at  the  pressures  shown  in  Table  5. 


438 


BULLETIN  No.  206 


[April, 


EFFECT   ON   FOLIAGE 

* 

The  trees  sprayed  with  Bordeaux  arsenate  of  lead  at  125  pounds 
pressure  developed  no  leaf-yellowing  whatever.  Those  sprayed  at  a 
pressure  higher  than  125  pounds  showed  a  small  amount  of  this  in- 
jury. In  every  case,  the  higher  the  pressure,  the  greater  was  the 
injury,  altho  in  no  plat  was  it  serious.  Heretofore  Bordeaux  injury 
had  been  accompanied  by  wet  weather;  this  was  not  the  case,  how- 
ever, in  1913. 

EFFECT  ON  FRUIT 

The  trees  in  these  plats  yielded  a  very  heavy  crop  of  fruit,  which 
was  picked  September  24,  with  the  results  presented  in  Table  5.  The 
point  of  greatest  interest  in  this  table  is  in  the  russet  column.  Bor- 
deaux applied  at  125  pounds  pressure  caused  no  russeting  whatever, 
while  all  pressures  above  that  caused  considerable  injury.  The  ex- 
tremely high  pressures  caused  no  more  injury  than  the  160-pound 
pressure.  The  loss  of  fruit  due  to  cracking  was  also  greater  where 
the  higher  pressures  were  used. 

TABLE  5. — EFFECTS  OF  SPRAYING  JONATHAN  APPLES  AT  DIFFERENT  PRESSURES  WITH 
8-8-4-100  BORDEAUX  ARSENATE  OF   LEAD,  IN  THE  EXPERIMENTS  AT  NEOGA,  1913 


Plat 

Spray  pressure 

Appli- 
ca- 
tions 

Picked  apples 

Total 
No. 

Percentage  affected  by  — 

Codling  moth 

Rus- 
set 

Crack- 
ing 

Calyx 

Side 

Total 

9 
10 
11 
12 
Check 

160  Ibs.  . 

1,2,3 
1,2,3,4 

1,2,3 
1,2,3,4 

1,  2,  3 
1,2,3,4 

1,2,3 
1,2,3,4 

None 

5192 
6450 

5939 
5550 

1007 
3157 

3474 
5800 

416 

1 
4 

1 
1 

4 

2 

7 
6 

18 

16 
14 

20 
16 

26 
20 

27 
20 

80 

17 

18 

21 
17 

30 
22 

34 
26 

98 

5 
13 

9 
9 

7 
9 

0 
0 

0 

15 
14 

10 
16 

17 

22 

12 
6 

0 

160  Ibs  

190  Ibs.  . 

190  Ibs  

225  Ibs..  . 

225  Ibs  :  

125  Ibs  

125  Ibs  

No  treatment  

The  question  as  to  the  necessity  of  using  200  pounds  pressure  in 
spraying  for  codling  moth  is  apt  to  come  up  in  this  connection.  These 
results  show  that  225  pounds  pressure  controlled  codling  moth  very 
little  more  efficiently  than  125  pounds. 

Interesting  facts  not  shown  in  the  table  were  brought  to  light 
by  an  examination  of  the  dropped  apples.  Very  little  codling-moth 
injury  appeared  earlier  than  August  1,  even  upon  the  check  trees. 
From  August  1  until  harvest  time  the  number  of  drops  injured  by 


W18] 


SPRAYING  APPLE  ORCHARDS  IN  1913  AND  1914 


439 


codling  moth  rapidly  increased.  Practically  all  dropped  apples  which 
were  picked  up  under  check  trees  during  August  and  September, 
showed  codling-moth  injury.  In  some  of  them  as  many  as  eight  worm- 
holes  appeared  in  a  single  apple. 


FIG.  2. — 2,325  DROPPED  APPLES  FROM  AN  UNSPRAYED  TREE, 
NEOGA,  1913 


FIG.  3. — 203  DROPPED  APPLES  FROM  A  PROPERLY  SPRAYED 
TREE,  NEOGA,  1913 

About  September  1,  a  very  heavy  drop  of  apples  occurred  from 
the  unsprayed  trees.  This  continued  for  ten  days,  when  it  suddenly 
stopped ;  very  few  apples  fell  from  then  until  picking  time.  In  Fig. 
2  are  shown  2,325  apples  picked  up  under  one  unsprayed  tree,  while 
in  Fig.  3  are  shown  203  apples  from  an  adjoining,  properly  sprayed 
tree.  An  examination  of  these  apples  revealed  the  presence  of  much 
codling-moth  injury. 

SUMMARY  OF  RESULTS  AT  NEOGA,  19  j  3 

1.  Differences  in  the  control  of  codling  moth  shown  in  these  ex- 
periments by  the  various  brands  of  arsenates  of  lead  are  attributed 
not  so  much  to  differences  in  the  chemicals  themselves  as  to  unequal 
conditions  of  infection,  arising  chiefly  from  wide  variations  in  the 
quantity  of  fruit  borne  by  the  different  plats. 


440  BULLETIN  No.  206  [April, 

2.  The  powdered  arsenates  of  lead  proved  very  convenient  to 
handle.     The  Vreeland  brand  caused  a  slight  injury  to  the  foliage 
which  was  not  noticed  in  the  plats  sprayed  with  Corona  dry. 

3.  A  fourth  application  of  arsenate  of  lead  applied  to  Jonathan 
trees  to  check  the  ravages  of  second-brood  codling  moth  was  very 
effective,  reducing  the  injury  from  this  insect  several  percent  wherever 
used. 

4.  A  fourth  application  of  arsenate  of  lead  applied  early  in  July 
failed  to  control  third-brood  codling  moth,  which  appeared  early  in 
October,  infesting  unpicked  apples. 

5.  The  infestation  of  codling  moth  was  the  most  serious  in  the 
history  of  the  experimental  work  at  Neoga. 

6.  Arsenate  of  lead  applied  at  125  pounds  pressure  controlled 
codling  moth  almost  as  well  as  that  applied  at  225  pounds  pressure. 

7.  Bordeaux  applied  at  125  pounds  pressure  caused  no  injury, 
while  pressures  of  160  pounds  and  higher  appeared  to  cause  consid- 
erable russetihg  of  the  fruit  and  some  foliage  injury. 

8.  A  heavy  drop  of  Jonathan  apples  early  in  September  appeared 
to  have  been  caused  by  attacks  of  codling-moth. 


1918]  SPRAYING  APPLE  ORCHARDS  IN  1913  AND  1914  441 


SPRAYING  EXPERIMENTS  IN  1914  AT  NEOGA, 
CUMBERLAND  COUNTY 

BY  O.  S.  WATKINS 
OBJECTS 

The  investigations  at  Neoga  in  1914  were  made  to  determine  (1) 
the  insecticidal  efficiency  of  certain  brands  of  arsenate  of  lead,  alone 
and  in  combination  with  lime  sulfur;  (2)  the  fungicidal  efficiency 
of  soluble  sulfur,  atomic  sulfur,  calcium  hyposulfite,  copper  ferro- 
cyanide,  and  tuber  tonic;  (3)  the  effect  of  varying  the  pressure  in 
applying  Bordeaux;  and  (4)  the  effectiveness  of  certain  standard 
nozzles.  Conditions  arising  during  the  season  made  it  possible  to 
obtain  information  also  on  the  effects  of  ( 1 )  special  sprays  applied  to 
control  delayed  broods  of  codling  moth;  and  (2)  banding  the  trees  as 
a  supplementary  means  of  controlling  codling  moth. 

LOCATION   AND   DESCRIPTION    OF    ORCHARDS 

Two  apple  orchards  were  used  in  carrying  on  these  experiments. 
The  neglected  Storer  orchard,  located  one  and  one-half  miles  ngrth- 
west  of  Neoga,  was  selected  for  testing  the  fungicidal  value  of  certain 
sprays  applied  during  the  dormant  season.  This  orchard,  consisting 
of  eleven  acres,  was  about  eighteen  years  old,  and  was  planted  to  sev- 
eral varieties,  including  Ben  Davis,  Winesap,  and  Willow.  For  the 
customary  detailed  experimental  work,  fourteen  acres  of  trees  were 
selected  from  the  120-acre  orchard  owned  by  H.  A.  Aldrich  and  Com- 
pany. The  experimental  blocks  consisted  of  five  acres  of  Black  Ben 
Davis,  two  acres  of  Grimes,  and  five  acres  of  Jonathan  trees.  These 
blocks  of  trees  were  separated  by  rows  of  other  varieties  which  were 
cared  for  by  H.  A.  Aldrich  and  Company.  Each  block  was  divided 
into  plats  of  from  five  to  fourteen  trees  each.  At  regular  intervals, 
unsprayed  trees  were  reserved  for  comparison  with  the  sprayed  trees. 

APPARATUS  AND  MATERIALS 

The  sprays  were  applied  with  a  Friend  power  sprayer  equipped 
with  a  New  Western  motor  pump  and  100-gallon  tank.  The  power- 
ful engine  and  large-capacity  pump  insured  a  sufficient  range  of 
pressure  for  all  experiments,  while  the  small  tank  proved  convenient 
and  efficient  for  applying  the  comparatively  small  amounts  of  spray 
required  for  each  plat. 


442  BULLETIN  No.  206  [April, 

In  the  test  of  the  effectiveness  of  various  types  of  nozzles  Bordeaux, 
Morrel  and  Morley  Eclipse,  Friend,  and  Gould  Mistry  nozzles  were 
compared.  In  all  other  tests  a  single  Friend  angle  nozzle  was  used 
on  the  tower,  pole  and  a  double  Gould  Mistry  nozzle  on  the  ground 
pole.  The  standard  spraying  materials  were  prepared  according  to 
the  directions  given  on  pages  430  and  431,  with  the  exceptions  noted  in 
connection  with  the  individual  experiments.  A  constant  pressure  of 
135  pounds  was  used  in  all  experiments  except  those  on  comparisons 
of  pressures. 

WEATHER   CONDITIONS 

The  weather  conditions  of  1914  were  hardly  normal.  There  were 
several  rains  during  the  summer,  but  other  conditions  were  such  as 
to  counteract  much  of  the  good  they  might  have  done.  In  May,  three 
rains  gave  a  precipitation  of  seven-eighths  inch;  in  June,  six  rains 
gave  three  inches ;  in  July,  six  rains  gave  one  and  one-fourth  inches ;. 
in  August,  eight  rains  gave  five  inches;  and  in  September,  four  rains 
gave  three  inches.  During  June  there  were  six  days  when  the  ther- 
mometer passed  100°  F.,  and  during  July  there  were  eleven  such  days. 
The  general  character  of  the  season  was  hot  and  dry,  in  spite  of  the 
fact  that  there  was  a  reasonable  total  precipitation. 

Full  bloom  was  recorded  from  April  28  to  May  1.  There  was  very 
heavy  bloom  on  the  Ben  Davis  and  the  Black  Ben  Davis  trees,  a  fair 
bloom  on  the  Grimes,  and  a  scattering  bloom  on  the  Jonathan  trees. 
Excellent  weather  for  pollination  prevailed,  and  the  blooms  set  well. 

SPRAY  DATES 

All  plats  in  the  Aldrich  orchard  were  given  an  application  of 
winter-strength  lime  sulfur  early  in  April.  Four  to  six  later  appli- 
cations were  made  upon  or  near  the  following  dates :  April  25,  May 
5,  May  18,  June  14,  July  8,  and  September  1.  The  applications  on 
June  14  and  September  1,  made  especially  to  combat  the  ravages  of 
codling  moth,  were  in  addition  to  the  usual  schedule. 

INSECTICIDAL  EFFICIENCY  OF  CERTAIN  BRANDS  OF  ARSENATE  OF  LEAD 
USED  ALONE  AND  IN  COMBINATION  WITH  LIME  SULFUR 

Each  plat  in  this  group  consisted  of  five  trees  of  the  Black  Ben 
Davis  variety.  All  plats  were  sprayed  under  conditions  as  nearly 
alike  as  possible.  The  brands  of  arscnate  of  lead  tested  and  the  treat- 
ments given  are  presented  in  Tables  6  and  7.  Owing  to  the  late  ar- 
rival of  the  material,  Plat  13,  sprayed  with  Grasselli  powdered  arse- 
mite  of  lead,  and  Plat  19,  sprayed  with  the  same  material  and  lime 
sulfur,  did  not  receive  the  first,  or  cluster-bud  application. 


1918] 


SPRAYING  APPLE  ORCHARDS  IN  1913  AND  1914 


443 


EFFECT   ON   FOLIAGE 


Careful  observations  disclosed  no  spray  injury  on  any  of  the  plats. 
Of  the  arsenates  of  lead  used  alone,  Corona  dry  and  Sherwin-Williams 
dry  appeared  to  be  the  most  adhesive. 


EFFECT  ON  FRUIT 

The  fruit  from  the  plats  sprayed  with  arsenate  of  lead  alone  was 
picked  and  examined  October  16  and  17,  with  the  results  presented 
in  Table  6.  The  character  of  the  codling-moth  infestation  was  so 
severe  as  to  give  an  excellent  opportunity  for  testing  the  effectiveness 
of  poison  sprays  in  its  control.  The  infestation  of  the  two  check  plats 
was  84  and  97.3  percent,  respectively.  Many  of  the  unsprayed  apples 
were  entered  by  several  larvae;  had  the  individual  larvse  entrances 

TABLE  6. — EFFECTS  OF  VARIOUS  BRANDS  OF  ARSENATE  OF  LEAD  USED  ALONE  IN 
CONTROLLING  CODLING  MOTH  ON  BLACK  BEN  DAVIS  APPLES,  IN 
THE  EXPERIMENTS  AT  NEOGA,  1914 


Plat 

Treatment 

Applica- 
tions 

Picked  apples 

Total 
No. 

Per- 
cent- 
age 
No.  1 

Percentage  affected 
by   codling  moth 

Calyx 

Side 

Total 

7 

Check 
8 

9 
10 
11 
12 

Check 
13 

14 
15 

2-100  Corona  dry  arsenate 
of  lead  

1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6 
None 

1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6 
1,2,3,4,5,6 
1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6 
1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6 

1,2,3,4,5,6 
None 

2,  3,  4,  5,  6 
1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6 
1,2,3,4,5,6 

710 

332 

2072 
1916 
2641 
2387 

1162 
231 

2688 
1704 
1707 

80 
0 

76 
89 
80 
84 

73 
0 

46 
81 
83 

0.4 
12.3 

0.1 
0.5 
0.3 
0.2 

4.0 
17.0 

4,7 
0.5 
.0 

4.3 
85.0 

2.0 
5.9 
5.2 
4.4 

12.0 
67.0 

27.0 
6.3 
3.6 

4,7 
97.3 

2.1 
6.4 
5.5 
4.6 

16.0 
84.0 

31.7 
6.8 
3.6 

No  treatment  

4-100  Corona  dry  arsenate 
of  lead  

2-100  Sherwin-Williams 
dry  arsenate  of  lead  .  .  . 
4-100  Sherwin-Williams 
dry  arsenate  of  lead  .  .  . 
4-100  Sherwin-Williams 
paste  arsenate  of  lead.  . 
4-100  Grasselli  paste  arse- 
nate of  lead  

No  treatment  

2-100    Grasselli    powdered 
arsenate  of  lead  ....... 

4-100  Thomsen  triplumbic 
paste  arsenate  of  lead.  . 
4-100  Dow  paste  arsenate 
of  lead  

been  counted  instead  of  the  number  of  apples  attacked,  the  infesta- 
tion would  have  been  represented  by  several  hundred  percent.  Tn 
view  of  the  severe  infestation,  all  the  treatments,  except  those  of 
Plats  12  and  13,  gave  a  satisfactory  control  of  codling  moth,  the  in- 
festation ranging  from  2.1  to  6.8  percent.  On  Plats  12  and  13,  sprayed 
with  Grasselli  paste  and  poAvdcred  arsenates  of  lead,  respectively,  the 
codling-moth  infestation  amounted  to  16  and  31.7  percent.  Grasselli 


444 


BULLETIN  No.  206 


[April, 


powdered  arsenate  of  lead  proved  difficult  to  keep  in  suspension. 
Corona  and  Sherwin-Williams  dry  arsenates  of  lead  were  of  practi- 
cally the  same  efficiency  as  the  pastes.  The  use  of  2  pounds  of  dry 
arsenate  of  lead  in  each  100  gallons  of  spray  was  almost  as  efficient 
as  4  pounds,  indicating  that,  for  practical  purposes,  the  smaller  amount 
is  sufficiently  effective. 

The  fruit  from  the  plats  sprayed  with  arsenate  of  lead  and  lime 
sulfur  was  picked  and  examined  October  23  ;  the  results  are  presented 
in  Table  7.  As  will  be  seen,  there  were  no  wide  differences  in  the 
effectiveness  of  the  different  arsenates  of  lead  in  controlling  codling 
moth.  Altho  not  shown  in  the  table,  it  should  be  stated  that  none  of 
the  sprays  caused  injuries  of  any  kind  to  the  fruit. 

TABLE  7. — EFFECTS  OF  VARIOUS  BRANDS  OF  ARSENATE  OF  LEAD  USED  IN  COMBINA- 
TION WITH  LIME  SULFUR  IN  CONTROLLING  CODLING  MOTH  ON  BLACK 
BEN  DAVIS  APPLES,  IN  THE  EXPERIMENTS  AT  NEOGA,  1914 


Plat 

Treatment 

Appli- 
ca- 
tions 

Picked  apples 

Total 
No. 

Percentage  affected 
by  codling  moth 

Calyx 

Side 

Total 

16 
17 

Check 
18 

19 
20 
21 

4-100  Dow  paste  arsenate  of  lead  with 
lime  sulfur  

1,2,3,5 
4,6 

1,2,3,5 
4,6 
None 

1,2,3,5 
4,6 

2,3,5 
4,6 

1,2,3,5 
4,6 

1,2,3,5 
4,6 

1292 

1841 
456 

1412 
1440 
876 
902 

2.5 

2.4 
6.0 

2.5 
2.0 
1.0 
1.2 

8.6 

9.2 
51.0 

5.0 
7.0 
7.0 
8.0 

11.1 

11.6 
57.0 

7.5 
9.0 
8.0 
9.2 

2-100  Corona  dry  arsenate  of  lead  with 
lime  

4-100  Sherwin-Williams  paste  arsenate 
of  lead  with  lime  sulfur  

2-100  Corona  dry  arsenate  of  lead  with 
lime  

No  treatment  

2-100  Sherwin-Williams  dry  arsenate 
of  lead  with  lime  sulfur  

2-100  Corona  dry  arsenate  of  lead  with 
lime  

2-100  Grasselli  powdered  arsenate  of 
lead  with  lime  sulfur  

2-100  Corona  dry  arsenate  of  lead  with 
lime  

4-100  Thomsen  triplumbic  paste  arse- 
nate of  lead  with  lime  sulfur  

2-100  Corona  dry  arsenate  of  lead  with 
lime  .  .  .  

2-100  Corona  dry  arsenate  of  lead  with 
lime  sulfur  

2-100  Corona  dry  arsenate  of  lead  with 
lime  

A  comparison  of  Table  6  with  Table  7  shows  that  a  better  control 
of  codling  moth  was  exercised  by  arsenate  of  lead  alone  than  by  arse- 


1018]  SPRAYING  APPLE  ORCHARDS  IN  1913  AND  1914  445 

nate  of  lead  with  lime  sulfur.  The  difference,  tho  small,  was  con- 
sistent enough  to  indicate  that  the  lime  sulfur  lessened  the  poisoning 
efficiency  of  the  arsenate  of  lead  or  else  proved  attractive  in  some  way 
to  codling  moth.  The  latter  possibility  would  confirm  observations 
recorded  in  Bulletin  185  (page  203). 

FUNGICIDAL  EFFICIENCY  OF  SOLUBLE  SULFUR,  ATOMIC  SULFUR,  CAL- 
CIUM HYPOSULFITE,  COPPER  FERROCYANIDE,  AND  TUBER  TONIC 

Niagara  and  Grasselli  soluble  sulfur,  Thomsen  atomic  sulfur,  cal- 
cium hyposulfite,  copper  ferrocyanide,  and  Sherwin-Williams  tuber 
tonic  were  compared  on  plats  consisting  of  ten  Jonathan  and  four 
Grimes  trees  each.  Lack  of  fungous  infection,  however,  prevented 
obtaining  information  relating  to  the  fungicidal  value  of  these  sprays. 
Copper  ferrocyanide  appeared  to  be  the  most  adhesive;  the  other 
sprays  were  about  equal  in  this  respect.  The  fruit  sprayed  with  'cal- 
cium hyposulfite  was  more  highly  colored  than  that  in  any  of  the 
other  plats.  Tuber  tonic  seriously  burned  every  leaf  and  injured 
every  blossom  to  which  it  was  applied,  entirely  destroying  the  crop 
from  that  plat,  showing  conclusively  that  it  is  a  worthless  and  dan- 
gerous spray  for  apples.  Soluble  sulfur,  used  alone,  caused  slight 
foliage  injury.  Atomic  sulfur  injured  about  10  percent  of  the  fruit, 

causing  a  burn  similar  to  lime-sulfur  injury. 

< 

EFFECT  OF  PRESSURE  ON  BORDEAUX  EUSSET 

The  effects  of  applications  of  different  pressures  on  Bordeaux  rus- 
set were  compared  on  plats  each  consisting  of  ten  Jonathan  and  four 
Grimes  trees.  The  results  are  not  tabulated,  but  may  be  stated  as 
follows:  Bordeaux  applied  at  pressures  above  150  pounds  did  not 
cause  very  much  russet.  Apples  sprayed  at  higher  pressures,  how- 
ever, were  not  so  well  colored  as  those  sprayed  at  135  pounds.  Grimes 
apples  sprayed  at  pressures  of  175  pounds  and  higher  were  covered 
with  minute  russeted  specks,  hardly  noticeable  enou'gh,  however,  to 
lessen  their  selling  value. 

EFFECTIVENESS  OF  CERTAIN  STANDARD  NOZZLES 

Each  plat  in  this  group  consisted  of  five  Black  Ben  Davis  trees. 
The  sprays  were  applied  with  the  nozzles  named  in  Table  8. 

EFFECT   ON   FOLIAGE 

No  differences  in  the  appearance  of  the  foliage  in  the  various  plats 
could  be  detected.  More  material  was  required  when  spraying  with 
Bordeaux  nozzles  than  with  other  nozzles,  as  much  of  it  was  lost  on 
the  ground. 


446 


BULLETIN  No.  206 


[April, 


EFFECT  ON  FRUIT 

The  fruit  was  picked  and  examined  October  26,  giving  the  results 
presented  in  Table  8.  There  were  no  appreciable  differences  in  the 
effectiveness  of  the  different  nozzles  in  their  degree  of  control  of  cod- 
ling moth.  The  drenching  spray  of  the  Bordeaux  nozzle  saved  no 
more  fruit  from  second-brood  codling  moth  than  the  misty,  fog-like 
sprays  from  the  other  nozzles.  In  controlling  the  first  brood,  however, 
this  nozzle  was  the  most  efficient.  Owing  to  the  absence  of  fungous 
diseases,  there  was  no  opportunity  to  compare  the  efficiency  of  the 
different  nozzles  in  controlling  them. 

TABLE  8. — EFFECTS  OF  USING  DIFFERENT  KINDS  OF  NOZZLES  IN  APPLYING  STANDARD 
SPRAY  MIXTURES  TO  BLACK  BEN  DAVIS  APPLES,  IN  THE 
EXPERIMENTS  AT  NEOGA,  1914 


Plat 

Nozzle  used 

Picked  apples 

Total 
No. 

Percentage  affected 
by  codling  moth 

Calyx 

Side 

Total 

28 
29 
30 
Check 

Bordeaux  

2100 
732 
1335 

282 

.2 
3.2 
5.0 
14.7 

16.2 
12.6 
13.8 
76.0 

16.4 
15.8 
18.8 
90.7 

Merrill  and  Morley  Eclipse  

One  Friend  and  one  Gould  Mistry  

No  treatment  

EFFECTS  OF  SPECIAL  SPRAYS  APPLIED  TO  CONTROL  DELAYED 
BROODS  OF  CODLING  MOTH 

In  1914  most  of  the  first-brood  codling  moth  appeared  about  the 
middle  of  June,  a  month  later  than  usual.  Late  in  August  and  on 
into  September  an  apparently  delayed  second  brood,  the  offspring  of 
the  delayed  first  brood,  appeared.  As  no  provision  had  been  made  in 
the  regular  spray  schedule  for  applications  to  control  codling  moth  ap- 
pearing at  these  times,  it  was  necessary  to  resort  to  extra  sprays  ap- 
plied as  soon  as  a  diagnosis  of  this  unusual  condition  could  be  made. 
These  extra  sprays  were  applied  June  14  and  September  1.  To  learn 
their  effectiveness,  the  first  one  was  omitted  from  one  plat,  the  last 
one  from  another,  and  both  from  a  third.  Each  plat  consisted  of  five 
Black  Ben  Davis  trees.  The  effects  of  the  extra  sprays  are  shown  in 
Table  9. 

These  results  show  that  the  two  extra  sprays  saved  slightly  more 
than  half  the  total  crop,  reducing  the  injury  from  56  percent  in  Plat 
J,  which  received  only  the  regular  applications,  to  4.7  percent  in  Plat 
G,  which  received  both  extra  applications  in  addition  to  the  regular 
sprays.  One  extra  application  was  helpful,  but  insufficient  to  give  a 
satisfactory  control  of  codling  moth. 

The  excellent  results  obtained  in  this  experiment,  carried  on  in  a 
season  when  codling  moth  was  at  its  worst,  show  conclusively  that  it 


1918} 


SPRAYING  APPLK  ORCHARDS  IN  1913  AND  1914 


447 


is  possible  to  keep  such  close  track  of  the  development  of  the  insect 
as  to  spray  at  such  times  as  to  hold  it  effectively  in  check. 

TABLE  9. — EFFECTS  OF  SPECIAL  APPLICATIONS  OF  ARSENATE  OF  LEAD  APPLIED  TO 

CONTROL  DELAYED  BROODS  OF  CODLING  MOTH,  IN  THE 

EXPERIMENTS  AT  NEOGA,  1914 


Plat 

Treatment 

Appli- 
ca- 
tions 

Picked  apples 

Total 
No. 

Per- 
cent- 
age 
No.  1 

Percentage  affected 
by  codling  moth 

Calyx 

Side 

Total 

G 
H 

1 
J 
Check 

FoTir  regular  sprays  

1,2,3,5 
4,6 
1,2,3,5 
6 

1,2,3,5 

4 

1,2,3,5 
None 

710 

496 
1360 

366 
456 

80 

51 

48 

22 
0 

0.4 

8.3 
11.0 

4.9 
6.0 

4.3 

29.0 
23.0 

51.1 
51.0 

4.7 

37.3 
34.0 

56.0 
57.0 

Extra  applications  in  June  and 
September  

Four  regular  sprays  

Extra  application  in  Septem- 
ber only  

Four  regular  sprays  

Extra  application  in  June  only 
Four  regular  sprays  

No  extra  applications  

No  treatment  

NOTE. — For  all  applications  2-100  Corona  dry  arsenate  of  lead  with  lime  was 
used. 

t 

EFFECTS  OF  BANDING  THE  TREES  AS  A  SUPPLEMENTARY  MEANS  OF 
CONTROLLING  CODLING  MOTH 

When  it  became  evident  in  June  that  a  strenuous  fight  would  have 
to  be  made  to  control  codling  moth,  it  was  decided  to  place  trap  bands 
of  paper  or  burlap  on  the  trees  in  order  to  catch  as  many  larvae  and 
pupae  as  possible.  The  rough  bark  was  first  scraped  from  the  tree 
trunks,  when  it  is  estimated  that  more  than  6,000  larvae  were  killed. 
Two  bands  were  then  placed  on  each  tree,  one  six  inches  above  the 
ground  and  the  other  just  below  the  crotch.  These  were  examined 
every  seven  days  thruout  the  summer.  The  banding  resulted  in  the 
trapping  and  subsequent  destruction  of  more  than  14,000  larvae.  In 
the  bands  on  one  of  the  unsp  rayed  trees,  154  larvae  were  found  at  one 
examination.  It  is  believed,  therefore,  that  banding  is  a  useful  sup- 
plement to  spraying  in  controlling  codling  moth. 

SUMMARY  OF  RESULTS  AT  NEOGA,  1914 

1.  Arsenate  of  lead,  properly  applied,  controlled  codling  moth 
in  spite  of  the  severe  1914  infestation. 

2.  Arsenate  of  lead  received  from  the  Grasselli  Chemical  Com- 
pany was  less  efficient  in  the  control  of  codling  moth  than  Corona  dry, 


448  BULLETIN  No.  206  [April, 

Sherwin-Williams  paste  and  dry,  Thomsen  triplumbic  paste,  and  Dow 
paste  arsenates  of  lead. 

3.  Corona  dry  and  Sherwin-Williams  dry  arsenates  of  lead  were 
equivalent  in  efficiency  to  the  pastes. 

4.  Two  pounds  of  Corona  dry  and  two  pounds  of  Sherwin-Wil- 
liams dry  arsenate  of  lead  were  practically  as  efficient  as  four  pounds 
of  the  same  material,  as  well  as  four  pounds  of  any  of  the  standard 
paste  arsenates  of  lead. 

5.  All  the  arsenates  of  lead  were  less  effective  when  used  with 
lime  sulfur  than  when  used  alone.  • 

6.  Copper  ferrocyanide  proved  to  be  very  adhesive. 

7.  Fruit  sprayed  with  calcium  hyposulfite  was  very  highly  col- 
ored. 

8.  Sherwin-Williams  tuber  tonic  caused  severe  injury  to  the  foli- 
age and  fruit. 

9.  Niagara  soluble  sulfur  and  Grasselli  soluble  sulfur  caused  a 
small  amount  of  foliage  injury. 

10.  Thomsen  atomic  sulfur  burned  about  10  percent  of  the  fruit. 

11.  Drenching  trees  by  the  use  of  the  Bordeaux  nozzle  did  not 
prove  any  more  efficient  than  spraying  thru  nozzles  producing  a  mist 
in  controlling  second-brood  codling  moth,  but  was  more  efficient  in 
controlling  the  first  brood. 

12.  Owing  to  the  irregularity  with  which  codling  moth  appeared, 
over  half  the  fruit  from  trees  which  were  not  given  special  applications 
for  the  delayed  broods  was  infested. 

13.  Thirty-seven  percent  of  the  fruit  from  trees  given  one  special 
application  in  September  was  injured  by  codling  moth;  34-percent 
infestation  resulted  when  one  special  application  was  given  in  June; 
while  in  properly  sprayed  fruit,  receiving  four  regular  applications 
and  two  special  applications,  the  injury  amounted  to  only  5  percent. 

14.  Banding  trees  with  paper  or  burlap  bands  was  found  a  satis- 
factory means  of  trapping  the  larvae  of  the  codling  moth,  thus  afford- 
ing an  opportunity  to  kill  them  before  they  had  transformed  into 
moths. 


1918]  SPRAYING  APPLE  ORCHARDS  IN  1913  AND  1914  449 

SPRAYING  EXPERIMENTS  IN  1913  AT  FLORA, 
CLAY  COUNTY 

BY  W.  A.  RUTH,  ASSOCIATE  IN  HORTICULTURAL  CHEMISTRY 
OBJECTS 

The  principal  object  of  this  experiment  was  to  determine  the  ef- 
fect of  varying  the  amount  of  Bordeaux  applied,  the  pressure  at  which 
the  spray  was  applied,  and  the  size  of  the  nozzle  openings,  on  the 
production  of  Bordeaux  russet.  A  secondary  object  was  to  determine 
the  effect  of  varying  these  factors  on  the  control  of  insects  and  fungi. 

BORDEAUX  RUSSET  :    DESCRIPTION  AND  CAUSE 

Aside  from  producing  foliage  injury,  Bordeaux  will  bring  about 
severe  russeting  of  the  fruit  if  applied  to  certain  varieties  of  apples 
under  certain  conditions.  Some  varieties  are  more  subject  to  russeting 
than  others ;  the  varieties  Ben  Davis  and  Jonathan,  upon  which  this 
experiment  was  carried  out,  may  be  classed  among  the  more  suscepti- 
ble. The  russeting  is  due  to  the  production  of  corky  material  which 
replaces  the  surface  injured  by  the  spray.  This  corky  surface  is  usu- 
ally light  brown,  but  may  be  dark  brown  or  black  if  the  russeted  areas 
are  very  small.  The  injury  may  be  confined  to  scattered  dots';  if 
more  severe,  there  may  be  irregular  russeted  streaks  as  well  as  dots ; 
and  if  very  severe,  all  or  a  large  part  of  the  surface  of  the  fruit  may 
be  russeted. 

The  injury,  according  to  Hedrick,1  follows  applications  of  Bor- 
deaux made  early  in  the  season ;  later  in  the  season,  according  to  this 
investigator,  after  the  hairs  have  been  shed  and  the  stomata  changed 
into  lenticels,  immunity  is  probably  acquired.  At  Flora,  in  experi- 
ments conducted  by  the  writer  in  1912  with  Ben  Davis  and  Jonathan 
trees,  the  application  of  Bordeaux  made  in  April,  just  before  the  bloom, 
and  the  two  following  the  bloom,  made  in  May,  all  caused  serious 
damage.2  The  application  of  this  material  made  about  July  1,  how- 
ever, when  the  apples  were  acquiring  a  waxy  surface,  caused  no 
severe  russet;  a  slight  dotting  was  produced  at  this  time,  but  it  be- 
came inconspicuous  by  the  time  the  fruit  was  ready  to  be  picked.-  Ex- 
periments conducted  with  Ben  Davis  trees  by  Mr.  A.  J.  Gunderson2 
at  Griggsville  showed  that  any  one  of  the  early  applications  of  Bor- 
deaux may  result  in  the  culling  of  a  large  part  of  the  crop. 

When  Bordeaux  was  first  used  there  was  little  complaint  of  injury. 
The  apparatus  with  which  the  material  was  applied  at  that  time  was 


JU.  P.  Hedrick,  New  York  (Geneva)  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.  Bui.  287,  p.  163. 
2J.  C.  Blair  et  al.,  111.  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.  Bui.  185. 


450 


BULLETIN  No.  206 


[April, 


very  crude  compared  with  the  machinery  now  employed.  On  account 
of  the  much  greater  pressures  used  since  power  sprayers  have  reached 
their  present  state  of  perfection,  the  increase  in  russeting  has  often 
been  attributed  to  these  greater  pressures.  A  further  basis  for  the 
assumption  that  pressure  is  a  most  important  factor  in  the  formation 
of  russet  is  the  difference  in  the  severity  of  the  russeting  often  to  be 
observed  in  commercial  orchards  sprayed  at  high  and  at  low  pressures. 
In  support  of  this  idea  a  mechanical  explanation  was  apparently  at 
hand.  According  to  this  explanation  the  damage  follows  punctures 
made  by  gritty  particles  in  the  Bordeaux,  and  the  number  of  the 
punctures  and  the  severity  of  the  resultant  injury  increase  with  the 
pressure.  1 


ooooooo 


ooooo 
ooooo 


Davis 


Ben  Povis 
ChecK 


than 


FIG.  4. — PLAN  OF  PLATS  IN  ORCHARD  OF  MRS.  JOHN  EGGINTON,  FLORA,  191J1 
NOTE. — The  neglected  orchard  was  located  immediately  to  the  right. 


.1918]  SPRAYING  APPLE  ORCHARDS  IN  1913  AND  1914  451 

It  can  hardly  be  assumed  that  a  difference  in  the  pressure  is  the 
only  difference  between  the  methods  now  used  for  applying  the  spray 
and  those  used  formerly,  or  between  high  and  low  pressure  spraying. 
More  thoro  spraying  is  probably  done  with  power  sprayers  than  was 
done  before  they  came  into  use,  and  larger  amounts  of  spray  material 
per  tree  are  no  doubt  being  applied.  Moreover,  larger  amounts  are 
usually  applied  at  high  pressures  than  at  low  pressures.  The  pressure 
indicated  at  the  pump  cannot  be  assumed  to  be  an  accurate  indicator 
of  the  striking  force  of  the  particles ;  the  type  of  nozzle  and  the  size 
of  the  nozzle  openings  affect  the  size  of  the  drops  of  spray,  and,  in  all 
probability,  their  striking  force  to  at  least  as  great  an  extent  as  their 
size.  Even  with  nozzle  openings  of  a  uniform  size,  a  high  pressure 
breaks  the  spray  into  finer  particles  than  does  a  low  pressure.1  It  may 
therefore  be  imagined  that  the  possible  striking  and  injuring  force 
may  be  actually  greater  if  low  pressures  are  used  than  would  result 
from  the  use  of  high  pressures,  especially  if  large  nozzle  openings  are 
used  with  the  low  pressures,  and  small  nozzle  openings  with  the  high. 

LOCATION  AND  DESCRIPTION  OF  ORCHARD 

The  orchard  used  in  this  experiment  was  the  property  of  Mrs.  John 
Egginton,  and  was  located  four  and  one-half  miles  west  of  Flora.  The 
trees,  which  were  well  cared  for,  were  seventeen  years  old  the  season 
of  the  experiment.  A  gradual,  even  slope,  and  a  draw  adjoining  the 
lower  end,  provided  good  air  drainage,  especially  for  the  upper  third 
of  the  orchard,  across  which  the  plats  were  run.  A  neglected  orchard 
immediately  adjoined  this  part  of  the  orchard.  The  arrangement  of 
the  plats  is  shown  in  Fig.  4. 

TREATMENT 

In  order  to  restrict  the  number  of  plats,  but  one  high  and  one  low 
pressure  were  tested,  one  size  of  large  nozzle  opening  and  one  size  of 
small,  and,  as  far  as  possible,  a  uniform  large  and  a 'uniform  small 
amount  of  spray.  To  obtain  all  the  possible  combinations  of  the  three 
factors  the  experiment  would  have  included  eight  treatments.  The 
possible  combinations  and  the  methods  used  are  shown  in  Table  10. 
Bordeaux  arsenate  of  lead  was  used  for  the  first  and  fourth  applica- 
tions, and  lime  sulfur  arsenate  of  lead  for  the  two  intermediate  ap- 
plications. 

When  small  amounts  of  spray  were  applied,  the  foliage  was  covered 
lightly  but  thoroly.  With  large  amounts,  the  foliage  was  drenched. 
There  was  more  or  less  unavoidable  variation  in  the  amounts  applied 
to  the  plats  in  each  class.  The  spray  was  applied  from  the  upper  side, 
most  of  the  spray  which  reached  the  under  sides  of  the  leaves  being 
that  carried  thru  the  tree  at  the  high  pressure.  The  high  pressure 

ST.  W,  Lloyd,  HI.  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.  Bui.  114,  p.  385. 


452 


BULLETIN  No.  206 


[April, 


was  between  225  and  250  pounds,  the  low  pressure,  between  125  and 
150  pounds.  The  large  nozzle  openings  had  twice  the  area  of  the 
small  nozzle  openings. 

TABLE  10. — TREATMENTS  IN  THE  EXPERIMENTS  AT  FLORA,  1913 


Plat 

Pressure 

Amount  of  spray 

Size  of  nozzle 
openings 

1 

2 
3 
_i 

4 
5 
6 

7 

High 
Low 
Low 
High 
High 
Low 
High 
Low 

Large 
Large 
Small 
Small 
Small 
Small 
Large 
Large 

Large 
Large 
Large 
Large 
Small 
Small 
Small 
Small 

because  of  the  difficulty  involved  in  distributing  a  small  amount  of  spray 
evenly  at  a  high  pressure  with  large  nozzle  openings,  this  combination  of  factors 
was  not  tested. 

The  material  was  applied  in  the  following  manner :  Each  plat  was 
completely  sprayed  at  one  time,  with  material  made  up  and  carried 
in  one  load.  Each  plat  was  sprayed  from  one  side,  thru  the  middle, 
and  then  from  the  other  side,  so  that  the  trees  of  both  varieties  were 
finished  practically  at  the  same  time,  and  that  any  possible  differences 
in  the  method  of  spraying,  which  in  any  case  would  be  slight,  would 
be  equalized  as  far  as  possible  between  the  varieties. 

The  first,  second,  and  third  applications,  which  are,  taken  together, 
responsible  for  the  control  of  scab,  leaf  spot  (Spliceropsis  malorum 
Pk.),  first-brood  codling  moth,  and  the  apple-leaf  roller  (Ar chips  rosa- 
ceana  Harris),  were  applied  at  favorable  times.  The  third  application 
is  also  partly  responsible  for  the  control  of  blotch.  The  apple  flea- 
weevil  (Orchestes  canus  Horn)  confines  its  feeding  to  the  earlier  part 
of  the  season,  and  would  be  controlled  by  the  early  sprays  if  it  is  to 
be  controlled  according  to  the  present  schedule.  The  fourth  applica- 
tion, which  is  designed  to'  be  partly  responsible  for  the  control  of 
blotch  (PTiyllosticta  solitaria  E.  &  E.),  directly  responsible  for  the 
control  of  second-brood  codling  moth,  and  indirectly  responsible  for 
the  control  of  the  third  brood,  wras  applied  too  late  to  be  of  any  great 
benefit. 

APPARATUS  AND  MATERIALS 

The  sprays  were  prepared  according  to  the  methods  described  on 
pages  430  and  431.  The  Illinois  formula  was  used  in  making  the  lime 
sulfur.  Grassclli  paste  arsenatc  of  lead,  at  the  rate  of  4  pounds  to  100 
gallons  of  spray,  was  always  added  to  the  fungicide. 

In  applying  the  sprays,  Bean  whirlpool  nozzles  were  used.  The 
discs  of  these  nozzles,  which  are  interchangeable,  are  regularly  fur- 


1918}  SPRAYING  APPLE  ORCHARDS  IN  1913  AND  1914  453 

nished  with  holes  approximately  .07  or  .05  inch  in  diameter,  and  these 
sizes  were  used  as  the  ' '  large ' '  and  the  ' '  small ' '  nozzle  openings.  The 
whirlpool  type  of  nozzle  is  made  by  several  firms,  and  is  in  common 
use  in  commercial  orchards.  Two  power  sprayers  were  used,  one  for 
the  high-pressure  sprays,  the  other  for  those  applied  at  the  low  pres- 
sure. Both  outfits  were  equipped  with  good  propeller  agitators. 

WEATHER   CONDITIONS 

The  weather  during  April,  May,  and  the  first  part  of  June  was 
very  cool,  and  there  was  enough  moisture  to  allow  an  attack  of  scab 
and  blotch.  The  remainder  of  the  season  was  unusually  hot  and  dry. 
Conditions  were  favorable  for  the  multiplication  of  codling  moth. 

SPRAY  DATES 

Four  summer  applications  were  made  upon  the  following  dates: 
April  17  to  19,  May  7  to  8,  May  28  to  31,  and  August  8  to  10.  The 
fourth  application  was  made  after  the  danger  of  Bordeaux  russeting 
was  past. 

EFFECT  OF  THE  SPRAYS  ON  FOLIAGE 

Leaf  spot  was  thoroly  controlled  on  all  the  sprayed  trees,  but 
caused  a  heavy  loss  of  foliage  on  the  unsprayed  Ben  Davis  trees.  «A 
severe  scab  infection  was  present  on  the  Ben  Davis  fruit,  altho  the 
foliage  of  the  check  trees  of  both  varieties  was  almost  free  from  this 
injury. 

By  the  middle  of  June  the  foliage  of  both  the  sprayed  and  the  un- 
sprayed trees  was  thoroly  riddled  by  apple  flea-weevil.  The  first  over- 
wintering adults  were  observed  April  3 ;  the  adults  of  the  new  gen- 
eration were  present  on  the  foliage  in  the  greatest  numbers  during  the 
latter  part  of  May  and  the  first  two  weeks  in  June. 

At  the  ends  of  the  plats  immediately  adjoining  the  neglected  or- 
chard, apple-leaf  rollers  severely  damaged  the  foliage  of  two  or  three 
rows  of  trees.  On  the  trees  farther  away,  the  sprays  controlled  these 
insects  to  a  large  extent. 

EFFECT  OF  THE  SPRAYS  ON  FRUIT 

The  effects  of  varying  each  one  of  the  three  factors,  pressure, 
amount,  and  size  of  nozzle  opening,  as  tested  on  each  of  the  two  varie- 
ties, are  presented  in  Tables  11  to  16.  In  each  table  three  plats  are 
compared  with  three  other  plats;  each  of  the  three  plats  shown  on 
one  side  of  the  table  was  treated  similarly  to  the  opposite  one  of  the 
other  three,  except  for  one  varying  factor  common  to  the  entire  group 
of  six.  In  the  first  two  tables  the  pressure  at  which  the  spray  was 


454 


BULLETIN  No.  206 


[April, 


applied  is  the  common  varying  factor ;  in  the  next  two  it  is  the  amount 
of  spray;  and  in  the  last  two  it  is  the  size  of  the  nozzle  openings. 

On  account  of  the  large  number  of  codling  moths  and  the  small 
and  scattered  crop  of  fruit,  the  degree  of  control  of  these  insects  can- 
not be  attributed  entirely  to  the  relative  efficiency  of  the  various 
treatments.  It  is  well  known  that,  with  a  small  crop  and  an  abun- 
dance of  moths,  control  is  especially  difficult.  When  the  set  of  fruit 
varies  among  various  plats,  following  a  scattered  bloom,  as  it  did  in 
this  experiment,  especially  on  the  Ben  Davis  trees,  differences  in  con- 
trol must  be  due  to  some  extent  to  differences  in  the  set.  For  this  rea- 
son, codling-moth  data  of  Ben  Davis  fruit  are  omitted  in  the  following 
tables.  The  data  for  the  control  of  these  insects  entering  the  calyxes 
of  the  Jonathans,  however,  seem  to  be  fairly  consistent,  and  are  there- 
fore presented.  All  the  picked  Jonathans  were  examined  for  the  vari- 
ous injuries  recorded,  but  only  the  Ben  Davis  apples  from  the  end 
of  the  plats  farthest  from  the  neglected  orchard. 

TABLE  11. — EFFECT  OF  SPRAYING  BEN  DAVIS  APPLES  WITH  DIFFERENT  PRESSURES, 
IN  THE  EXPERIMENTS  AT  FLORA,  1913 l 


Amount 
of 
spray 

Size  of 
nozzle 
openings 

High  pressure 

Low  pressure 

Plat 

Percentage  of  picked 
apples  affected  by— 

Plat 

Percentage  of  picked 
apples  affected  by  — 

Scab 

Blotch 

Severe 
russet 

Scab 

Blotch 

Severe 
russet 

Large 
Small 
Large 

Large 
Small 
Small 

1 

4 
6 

.0 
5.5 
.5 

6.2 
29.4 
13.3 

30.6 
13.9 
23.8 

2 
5 

7 

.0 
8.8 
4.6 

3.7 
32.3 
13.6 

33.4 
8.3 
25.3 

No  treatment  

Average 
Check 

2.0 
62.2 

16.3 
56.6 

22.8 
2.1 

Average 
Check 

4.5 
62.2 

16.5 
56.6 

22.3 
2.1 

TABLE  12. — EFFECT  OF  SPRAYING  JONATHAN  APPLES  WITH  DIFFERENT  PRESSURES,  IN 
THE  EXPERIMENTS  AT  FLORA,  19131 


Amt. 
of 
spray 

Size 
of 
nozzle 
open- 
ings 

High  pressure 

Low  pressure 

Plat 

Percentage  of  picked  apples 
affected  by  — 

Plat 

Percentage  of  picked  apples 
affected  by  — 

Scab 

Blotch 

Codling 
moth 
(calyx) 

Severe 
russet 

Scab 

Blotch 

Codling 
moth 
(calyx) 

Severe 
russet 

Large 
Small 
Large 

Large 
Small 
Small 

1 
4 
6 

.9 
2.0 
.6 

6.1 
19.5 
5.5 

6.3 
13.8 
4.0 

5.7 
7.7 
36.9 

2 
5 

7 

.2 
2.5 
1.0 

5.4 
18.9 
11.2 

4.8 
23.2 
11.4 

17.9 
18.4 
37.5 

No  treatment 

Aver- 
age 
Check 

1.2 

34.9 

10.4 
52.6 

8.0 
50.1 

16.8 
2.9 

Aver- 
age 
Check 

1.2 

34.9 

11.8 
52.6 

13.1 
50.1 

24.6 
2.9 

'Each  plat  was  sprayed  four  times;  Bordeaux  arsenate  of  lead  was  used  for  the 
first  and  fourth  applications,  and  lime  sulfur  arsenate  of  lead  for  the  two  intermediate 
applications. 


1918] 


SPRAYING  APPLE  ORCHARDS  IN  1913  AND  1914 


455 


EFFECT  OF  VARYING  THE  PRESSURE 

On  the  Ben  Davis  apples,  the  amount  of  russet  produced  by  the 
spray  was  practically  equal  at  both  pressures.  On  the  Jonathan 
apples,  more  russet  was  produced,  in  every  case,  at  low  than  at  high 
pressure.  On  both  varieties,  blotch  and  scab  were  controlled,  on  the 
average,  with  almost  equal  thoroness  at  both  pressures.  The  control 
of  codling  moths  entering  the  calyxes  of  the  Jonathans  was  better,  on 
the  average,  where  the  spray  was  applied  at  high  pressure. 

EFFECT  OF   VARYING   THE  AMOUNT  OF  SPRAY 

In  every  case  where  comparisons  could  be  made,  the  use  of  a  large 
amount  of  spray  resulted  in  decidedly  more  russet  than  the  use  of  a 
small  amount.  The  control  of  scab  and  blotch  on  both  varieties,  and 
of  codling  moths  entering  the  calyxes  of  the  Jonathans,  was  better, 
and  with  one  exception  much  better,  where  large  amounts  of  spray 
were  used. 


TABLE  13. — EFFECT  OF  SPRAYING  BEN  DAVIS  APPLES  WITH  DIFFERENT  AMOUNTS, 
IN  THE  EXPERIMENTS  AT  FLORA,  1913 l 


Pres- 
sure 

Size  of 
nozzle 
openings 

Large  amount 

Small  amount 

Plat 

Percentage  of  picked 
apples  affected  by  — 

Plat 

Percentage  of  picked 
apples  affected  by-j- 

Scab 

Blotch 

Severe 
russet 

Scab 

Blotch 

Severe 
russet 

Low 
High 
Low 

Large 
Small 
Small 

2 
6 

7 

.0 
.5 

4.6 

3.7 
13.3 
13.6 

33.4 
23.8 
25.3 

3 
4 
5 

4.4 
5.5 
8.8 

32.8 
29.4 
32.3 

15.8 
13.9 
8.3 

No  treatment  

Average 
Check 

1.7 
62.2 

10.2 
56.6 

27.5 
2.1 

Average 
Check 

6.2 
62.2 

31.5 
56.6 

12.7 
2.1 

TABLE  14. — EFFECT  OF  SPRAYING  JONATHAN  APPLES  WITH  DIFFERENT  AMOUNTS,  IN 
THE  EXPERIMENTS  AT  FLORA,  1913 l 


Pres- 
sure 

Size  of 
nozzle 
open- 
ings 

Large  amount 

Small  amount 

Plat 

Percentage  of  picked  apples 
affected  by  — 

Plat 

Percentage  of  picked  apples 
affected  by  — 

Scab 

Blotch 

Codling 
moth 

(calyx) 

Severe 
russet 

Scab 

Blotch 

Codling 
moth 
(calyx) 

Severe 
russet 

Low 
High 
Low 

Large 
Small 
Small 

2 

6 

7 

.2 

.6 
1.0 

5.4 
5.5 
11.2 

4.8 
4.0 
11.4 

17.9 
36.9 
37.5 

3 
4 
5 

1.5 
2.0 
2.5 

14.4 
19.5 
18.9 

7.9 
13.8 
23.2 

9.0 

7.7 
18.4 

No  treatment 

Aver- 
age 
Check 

.6 
34.9 

7.4 
52.6 

6.7 
50.1 

30.8 
2.9 

Aver- 
age 
Check 

2.0 
34.9 

17.6 
52.6 

15.0 
50.1 

11.7 
2.9 

1  Each  plat  was  sprayed  four  times;  Bordeaux  arsenate  of  lead  was  used  for  the 
first  and  fourth  applications,  and  lime  sulfur  arsenate  of  lead  for  the  two  intermediate 
applications. 


456 


BULLETIN  No.  206 


[April, 


EFFECT   OF  VARYING   THE  SIZE  OF   THE  NOZZLE  OPENINGS 

In  every  case  more  russet  was  produced  on  the  Ben  Davis  apples 
sprayed  with  large  nozzle  openings  than  on  those  sprayed  with  small 
nozzle  openings,  while  the  opposite  result  was  produced  in  every  case 
on  the  Jonathans.  On  the  average,  three  times  as  much  russet  ap- 
peared on  Jonathan  apples  sprayed  with  large  nozzle  openings  as  on 
those  sprayed  with  small  nozzle  openings.  The  difference  may  be  due 
to  a  greater  susceptibility  of  the  Jonathan  tissue  to  a  small  amount  of 
Bordeaux,  in  comparison  to  its  susceptibility  to  a  large  amount,  and 
to  a  better  distribution  of  the  spray.  The  better  distribution,  which 
would  follow  the  use  of  small  nozzle  openings  and  the  production  of 
a  finer  mist,  might  result  in  the  production  of  a  greater  number  of 
smaller  covered  areas.  The  use  of  low  pressures,  in  comparison  with 
high  pressures,  modifies  the  distribution  in  the  same  way,  and,  as 
has  been  stated  in  the  discussion  of  the  effect  of  varying  the  pressure, 
produces  the  same  result. 

TABLE  15. — EFFECT  OF  SPRAYING  BEN  DAVIS  APPLES  WITH  DIFFERENT-SIZED 
NOZZLE  OPENINGS,  IN  THE  EXPERIMENTS  AT  FLORA,  1913 l 


Pres.- 
sure 

Amount 
of 
spray 

Large  nozzle  openings 

Small  nozzle  openings 

Plat 

Percentage  of  picked 
apples  affected  by  — 

Plat 

Percentage  of  picked 
apples  affected  by  — 

Scab 

Blotch 

Severe 

russet 

Scab 

Blotch 

Severe 
russet 

High 
Low 
Low 

Large 
Large 
Small 

1 
2 
3 

.0 

.0 
4.4 

6.2 
3.7 

32.8 

30.6 
33.4 
15.8 

6 
7 
5 

.5 
4.6 
8.8 

13.3 
13.6 
32.3 

23.8 
25.3 
8.3 

No  treatment  

Average 
Check 

1.5 
62.2 

14.2 
56.6 

26.6 
2.1 

Average 
Check 

4.6 
62.2 

19.7 
56.6 

19.1 
2.1 

TABLE  16. — EFFECT  OF  SPRAYING  JONATHAN  APPLES  WITH  DIFFERENT-SIZED  NOZZLE 
OPENINGS,  IN  THE  EXPERIMENTS  AT  FLORA,  1913 l 


Pres- 
sure 

Amt. 
of 
spray 

Large  nozzle  openings 

Small  nozzle  openings 

Plat 

Percentage  of  picked  apples 
affected  by  — 

Plat 

Percentage  of  picked  apples 
affected  by  — 

Scab 

Blotch 

Codling 
moth 
(calyx) 

Severe 
russet 

Scab 

Blotch 

Codling 
moth 
(calyx) 

Severe 
russet 

High 
Low 
Low 

Large 
Large 
Small 

1 
2 
3 

.9 
.2 
1.5 

6.1 
5.4 
14.4 

6.3 

4.8 
7.9 

5.7 
17.9 
9.0 

6 
7 
5 

.6 
1.0 
2.5 

5.5 
11.2 
18.9 

4.0 
11.4 
23.2 

36.9 
37.5 
18.4 

No  treatment  . 

Aver- 
age 
Check 

.9 
34.9 

8.6 
52.6 

6.3 

50.1 

10.9 
2.9 

Aver- 
age 
Check 

1.4 
34.9 

11.9 
52.6 

12.9 
50.1 

30.9 
2.9 

*Each  plat  was  sprayed  four  times;  Bordeaux  arsenate  of  lead  was  used  for  the 
first  and  fourth  applications,  and  lime  sulfur  arsenate  of  lead  for  the  two  intermediate 
applications. 


1918]  SPRAYING  APPLE  ORCHARDS  IN  1913  AND  1914  457 

The  control  of  scab  and  blotch  was  better  on  Ben  Davis  apples 
when  large  nozzle  openings  were  used.  The  same  was  true  for  blotch 
and  codling-moth  calyx  injury  on  the  Jonathans.  Scab  on  the  Jon- 
athans was  controlled  almost  equally  well  when  large  and  small  nozzle 
openings  were  used. 

SUMMARY  OF  RESULTS  AT  FLORA,  1913 

1.  The  amount  of  spray  applied  was  the  most  important  factor  in 
the  production  of  russet ;  large  amounts  increased  this  injury,  but  were 
more  effective  in  protecting  the  fruit  from  scab,  blotch,  and  codling 
moth  entering  the  calyxes,  than  were  small  amounts. 

2.  It  was  conclusively  shown  that  applying  the  spray  at  high 
pressure  did  not  increase  the  amount  of  Bordeaux  russet.     The  pres- 
sure employed  had  no  effect  on  the  control  of  scab  or  blotch,  but  the 
value  of  high  pressures  in  the  control  of  codling-moth  calyx  injury 
was  indicated. 

3.  On  the  Ben  Davis  apples,  a  greater  amount  of  russet  was  pro- 
duced where  large  nozzle  openings  were  used  than  where  small  nozzle 
openings  were  used ;   on  the  Jonathan  apples,  the  use  of  small  nozzle 
openings  gave  the  greater  amount  of  russet.    Large  nozzle  openings 
gave  a  better  control,  in  general,  of  scab,  blotch,  and  codling-moth 
calyx  injury.  , 

4.  Spraying  was  of  no  value  in  controlling  the  apple  flea-weevil. 

5.  The  foliage  of  all  the  sprayed  plats  was  well  protected  from 
leaf  spot. 

6.  The  foliage  of  all  the  sprayed  plats  was  well  protected  from 
the  apple-leaf  roller  except  on  the  trees  adjoining  the  neglected  or- 
chard. 


458  BULLETIN  No.  206  [April, 


SPRAYING  EXPERIMENTS  IN  1913  AT  GRIGGSVILLE, 
PIKE  COUNTY 

BY  ALFRED  J.  GUNDERSON,  FIRST  ASSISTANT  IN  POMOLOGY 
OBJECTS 

In  the  spraying  work  at  Griggsville  during  1913,  experiments  were 
conducted  with  a  view  to  studying  the  following  points  in  summer 
spraying:  (1)  the  relative  values  of  lime  sulfur  and  Bordeaux ;  (2) 
the  effects  of  using  Bordeaux  for  some  applications  and  lime  sulfur 
for  other  applications  in  the  same  season's  operations;  (3)  the  rela- 
tive values  of  paste  and  powdered  arsenates  of  lead ;  (4)  the  relative 
values  of  various  strengths  of  lime  sulfur;  (5)  the  fungicidal  and 
insecticidal  values  of  copper  ferrocyanide  made  in  different  ways; 
(6)  the  relative  values  of  proprietary  lime-sulfur  compounds;  (7) 
the  relative  values  of  light  and  heavy  applications  of  lime  sulfur  arse- 
nate  of  lead  and  Bordeaux  arsenate  of  lead. 

LOCATION  AND  DESCRIPTION  OF  ORCHARD 

The  orchard  used  for  these  experiments  belonged  to  Mr.  C.  G. 
Winn,  and  was  located  one  and  one-half  miles  south  of  Griggsville.  A 
block  of  179  fifteen-year-old  Ben  Davis  trees,  planted  thirty-two  feet 
apart  each  way,  was  chosen  for  the  work. 

In  laying  out  the  experiments,  the  trees  were  divided  into  twenty- 
eight  plats  of  four  to  six  trees  each,  and  two  unsprayed  or  check  rows 
were  left  thru  the  entire  length  of  the  orchard.  The  plats  which  were 
to  be  compared  were  grouped,  and  those  of  each  group  were  sprayed 
as  nearly  as  possible  under  the  same  conditions.  The  arrangement  of 
the  plats  is  shown  in  Fig.  5. 

APPARATUS  AND  MATERIALS 

The  standard  sprays  were  prepared  as  described  on  pages  430  and 
431.  Applications  were  made  with  a  Gould  hand  spray  outfit  at  115  to 
125  pounds  pressure.  Friend  disc  nozzles  were  used. 

WEATHER  CONDITIONS 

The  weather  during  April,  May,  and  the  first  part  of  June  was 
cool,  with  very  little  rain.  The  remainder  of  the  season  was  unusually 
ftot  and  dry. 


1918] 


SPRAYING  APPLE  ORCHARDS  IN  1913  AND  1914 


459 


n  D 


'avis  ^)  Den  Davis        ^J  Other  Varieties 

CfiecK 

FIG.  5. — PLAN  OF  PLATS  IN  ORCHARD  OF  C.  G.  WINN,  GRIGGSVILLE,  1913 

SPRAY  DATES 

Three  summer  applications  were  made  upon  the  following  dates: 
April  21  to  23;  May  6  to  9,  and  May  20  to  23. 

RELATIVE  VALUES  OF  LIME  SULFUR  AND  BORDEAUX 

Experiments  at  Griggsville  during  1912  showed  lime  sulfur  and 
Bordeaux  to  be  equally  effective  in  the  control  of  scab.1  The  apples 
sprayed  with  lime  sulfur  had  higher  color  and  finish  and  the  foliage 
was  more  vigorous  than  where  Bordeaux  was  used.  The  comparison 
of  these  two  sprays  was  continued  in  1913,  however,  to  gain  further 
information  regarding  the  relative  values  of  the  two  sprays.  Two 
plats  were  treated  as  shown  in  Table  17. 


JJ,  C.  Blair  et  al.,  111.  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.  Bui.  185,  p.  176. 


460  BULLETIN  No.  206  [April, 

EFFECT   ON   FOLIAGE 

The  foliage  of  the  unsprayed  plat  as  well  as  that  of  both  sprayed 
plats  was  free  from  scab  during  the  entire  season.  The  foliage  of  the 
plat  sprayed  with  lime  sulfur  was  more  vigorous  than  that  sprayed 
with  Bordeaux.  The  former  plat  was  practically  free  from  spray  in- 
jury, while  on  the  latter  plat  considerable  spray  injury  appeared  late 
in  September  in  the  form  of  brown  spots.  Both  plats  showed  a  slight 
amount  of  leaf  spot  (Spliceropsis  malorum),  but  a  comparison  with  the 
infection  present  on  the  unsprayed  trees  shows  that  the  sprays  were 
reasonably  effective  in  controlling  this  disease. 

EFFECT  ON  FRUIT 

The  apples  from  these  plats  were  picked  and  examined  September 
30.  The  results  are  given  in  Table  17.  The  comparative  fungicidal 
values  of  lime  sulfur  and  Bordeaux  were  less  conclusively  shown  than 
had  been  hoped  for,  because  fungous  diseases  were  present  in  only 
small  amounts.  Both  sprays  gave  perfect  control  of  scab  and  sooty 
blotch. 

Plat  1,  sprayed  with  Bordeaux,  showed  even  more  damage  from 
codling  moth  than  the  unsprayed  plat  and  four  times  more  than  Plat 
2,  sprayed  with  lime  sulfur.  It  is  believed,  however,  that  this  was 
due  to  uneven  infestation  rather  than  to  the  effects  of  the  treatment. 
Curculio  injury  was  reduced  from  67.83  percent  on  the  unsprayed 
plat  to  21.94  percent  on  Plat  1,  and  to  10.3  percent  on  Plat  2. 

The  most  important  difference  between  the  effects  of  these  sprays 
upon  the  fruit  is  shown  in  the  amount  of  russet  recorded.  There  was 
64  percent  serious  and  26.5  percent  slight  russet  on  the  fruit  from 
trees  sprayed  with  Bordeaux,  as  compared  with  .5  percent  serious  and 
3.05  percent  slight  russet  on  the  fruit  from  trees  sprayed. with  lime 
sulfur.  However,  the  amount  of  russet  recorded  for  the  unsprayed 
trees  was  .66  percent  serious  and  2.5  percent  slight;  hence  it  may  be 
concluded  that  lime  sulfur  was  not  responsible  for  the  russet  on  the 
trees  sprayed  with  that  material,  and  that  63.34  percent  serious  and  24 
percent  slight  russet,  in  Plat  1,  can  be  attributed  to  Bordeaux  injury. 

The  grade  percentages  show  that  the  plat  sprayed  with  lime  sulfur 
produced  48  percent  No.  1's,  23  percent  No.  2's,  and  29  percent  culls, 
as  compared  with  9  percent,  15  percent,  and  76  percent  of  the  same 
grades,  respectively,  produced  by  the  plat  sprayed  with  Bordeaux. 
The  latter  plat  had  fewer  No.  1  's  and  more  culls  than  the  unsprayed 
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time,  and  were  of  good  size.  Those  sprayed  with  Bordeaux,  on  the 
other  hand,  lacked  color,  and  were  very  small,  badly  russeted,  and 
distorted. 


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BULLETIN  No.  206 


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1918]  SPRAYING  APPLE  ORCHARDS  IN  1913  AND  1914  •    46$ 

EFFECTS  OF  USING  BORDEAUX  FOR  SOME  APPLICATIONS  AND  LIME 

SULFUR  FOR  OTHER  APPLICATIONS  IN  THE  SAME 

SEASON'S  OPERATIONS 

.  The  effect  of  using  Bordeaux  for  some  applications  and  lime  sulfur 
for  other  applications  in  the  same  season's  operations  was  made  the 
subject  of  an  experiment  in  which  plats  were  treated  as  shown  in 
Table  18. 

EFFECT   ON  FOLIAGE 

No  scab  appeared  on  the  foliage  of  the  sprayed  plats  during  the 
entire  season.  A  slight  amount  of  spray  injury  appeared  late  in 
September,  and  also  a  light  infection  of  frog-eye  fungus  (Sphceropsis 
malorum).  In  general,  however,  the  foliage  of  these  plats  was  vig- 
orous and  healthy. 

EFFECT  ON  FRUIT 

The  apples  from  these  plats  were  picked  and  examined  September 
30  and  October  1.  The  results  are  given  in  Table  1.8.  These  results 
show  that  all  the  sprayed  apples  were  free  from  scab  and  that  sooty 
blotch  was  almost  perfectly  controlled.  The  brood  of  codling  moth 
entering  at  the  calyx  was  well  controlled  in  Plats  2,  3,  4,  and  5.  The 
irregular  and  inconsistent  results  shown  in  the  control  of  codling 
moth  entering  at  the  side,  mostly  larvae  of  the  late  brood,  indicate 
that  three  applications  of  spray  made  early  in  the  season  were  in- 
effective in  preventing  damage  by  codling  moth  appearing  late  in  the 
season.  Curculio  injury  was  greatly  reduced  by  all  the  treatments. 

Here  again  the  most  important  differences  are  brought  out  in  the 
russet  columns.  Since  the  unsprayed  plat  showed  .66  percent  serious 
and  2.5  percent  slight  russet,  the  true  effects  of  the  sprays  are  deter- 
mined by  subtracting  the  amounts  of  russet  on  the  unsprayed  trees 
from  those  on  the  sprayed  trees.  Thus  we  find  that  in  Plat  3,  Bor- 
deaux applied  at  the  cluster-bud  stage  actually  caused  6.46  percent 
serious  and  22.33  percent  slight  russet ;  that  in  Plat  4,  Bordeaux  ap- 
plied two  weeks  after  the  fall  of  the  bloom  caused  22.34  percent 
serious  and  61  percent  slight  russet;  and  that  in  Plat  5,  Bordeaux 
applied  both  at  the  cluster-bud  stage  and  two  weeks  after  the  fall  of 
the  bloom  caused  29.34  percent  serious  and  42.4  percent  slight  russet. 
These  results  indicate,  then,  that  Bordeaux,  under  the  conditions  of 
this  experiment,  when  applied  either  just  before  the  bloom  or  within 
two  weeks  after  the  fall  of  the  bloom,  will  russet  the  fruit.  Russet 
greatly  reduced  the  color  and  smoothness  of  the  apples  on  all  plats 
sprayed  with  one  or  more  applications  of  Bordeaux. 


464 


BULLETIN  Mo.  206 


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1918}  SPRAYING  APPLE  ORCHARDS  IN  1913  AND  1914  465 

RELATIVE  VALUES  OF  PASTE  AND  POWDERED  ARSENATES  OF  LEAD 

The  standard  brands  of  arsenate  of  lead  used  in  the  spraying  ex- 
periments previous  to  1913  were  in  the  paste  form.  Such  powdered 
arsenates  of  lead  as  had  appeared  up  to  that  time  had  not  proved 
satisfactory.  In  1913  a  new  powdered  arsenate  of  lead,  Corona  dry, 
showed  promising  qualities  in  laboratory  tests  and  was  accordingly 
included  in  the  schedule  of  treatments  in  the  field  tests.  Plats  were 
sprayed  with  powdered  and  paste  forms,  separately  and  in  combina- 
tion with  Bordeaux  and  lime  sulfur,  as  shown  in  Table  19. 

EFFECT  ON  FOLIAGE 

The  foliage  of  Plats  6  and  7  was  very  good  thruout  the  season.  It 
was  free  from  scab,  and  showed  only  a  slight  amount  of  tip  and  edge 
burning  due  to  the  spray.  Plat  8,  however,  sprayed  with  Bordeaux 
arsenate  of  lead  (powdered),  showed  considerable  spray  injury  late 
in  the  season.  The  foliage  of  Plat  9,  where  lime  sulfur  arsenate  of 
lead  (powdered)  was  used,  was  excellent. 

EFFECT  ON  FRUIT 

The  apples  from  these  plats  were  picked  and  examined  October  2 
arid  3.  As  will  be  seen  in  Table  19,  all  the  sprayed  plats  were  en* 
tirely  free  from  scab  except  Plat  7,  where  an  insignificant  infection 
appeared.  No  scab  or  sooty  blotch  appeared  in  the  plats  where  Bor- 
deaux and  lime  sulfur  were  used  with  the  arsenate  of  lead.  Very 
slight  infection  of  sooty  blotch  occurred  in  Plats  6  and  7,  where  the 
paste  and  powdered  arsenates  of  lead,  respectively,  were  used  alone. 
From  the  amount  of  infection  present  in  the  check  plat,  it  would  ap- 
pear that  these  sprays  had  exercised  a  beneficial  fungicidal  action. 

The  brood  of  codling  moth  entering  at  the  calyx  was  effectively 
reduced  by  both  the  paste  and  the  powdered  arsenate  of  lead.  Con- 
trol of  codling-moth  side  injury,  however,  was  less  effective.  Both 
forms  of  arsenate  of  lead  greatly  reduced  curculio  injury,  with  no 
special  advantage  in  favor  of  either. 

The  plat  sprayed  with  powdered  arsenate  of  lead  produced  a 
larger  percentage  of  No.  1  apples  than  that  sprayed  with  paste  ar- 
senate of  lead,  but  the  records  of  insect  and  fungous  injuries  indicate 
that  other  factors  than  the  sprays  were  responsible  for  this  result. 
Neither  paste  nor  powdered  arsenate  of  lead  used  alone  appeared  to 
cause  spray  russet ;  there  was  less  on  the  apples  sprayed  with  these 
materials  than  on  the  apples  in  the  check  plats.  The  color,  finish,  and 
size  of  the  fruit  in  Plats  6  and  7  were  excellent. 

It  is  concluded  from  these  experiments,  therefore,  that  in  every 
way  the  powdered  form  of  arsenate  of  lead  used  (Corona)  is  as 
effective  as  the  paste  (Grassclli)  with  which  it  was  compared. 


466 


BULLETIN  No.  206 


[April, 


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1918]  SPRAYING  APPLE  ORCHARDS  IN  1913  AND  1914  467 

RELATIVE  VALUES  OF  VARIOUS  STRENGTHS  OF  LIME  SULFUR 

In  order  to  determine  the  efficiencies-  of  various  strengths  of  lime 
sulfur,  plats  were  sprayed  as  shown  in  Table  20. 

EFFECT  ON  FOLIAGE 

The  foliage  of  all  the  sprayed  plats  was  free  from  scab  during 
the  entire  season.  There  was,  however,  a  slight  infection  of  frog- 
eye  fungus.  Plat  10  showed  foliage  injury  to  an  extent  indicating 
that  one  part  of  commercial  concentrated  lime  sulfur  in  twelve  of 
spray  was  too  strong  a  solution.  Aside  from  this,  the  foliage  of  all 
the  plats  was  vigorous  and  of  good  color. 

EFFECT  ON  FRUIT 

The  apples  from  these  plats  were  picked  and  examined  October  3 
to  6.  The  results  are  given  in  Table  20.  The  fruit  from  the  sprayed 
plats  was  entirely  free  from  scab  and  sooty  blotch.  Codling  moth 
entering  at  the  calyx  was  well  controlled,  but  the  control  of  late-brood 
codling  moth  was  inconsistent  and  unsatisfactory,  owing  to  the  fact 
that  no  late  sprays  were  applied.  Injury  from  curculio  was  greatly 
reduced  by  all  the  sprays.  Plats  10  and  11  had  a  small  percentage 
of  russet ;  the  remaining  plats  were  practically  free  from  it. 

The  fruit  from  these  plats  took  on  a  high  color  and  a  waxy  finish, 
and  was  of  good  size.  Here  again,  as  in  the  experiments  at  Griggs- 
ville-in  1912,  was  illustrated  the  stimulating  effect  of  lime  sulfur 
arsenate  of  lead  in  improving  the  color  and  finish  of  the  fruit.1 


Copper  ferrocyanide  made  according  to  the  full  and  equal  dilu- 
tion method,  with  2  pounds  of  copper  sulfate  and  2  pounds  of  potas- 
sium ferrocyanide  in  100  gallons  of  spray,  proved  useless  as  a  fungi- 
cide and  insecticide  in  1912,  in  the  experiments  at  Griggsville.  In 
1913  it  was  decided  to  test  this  spray  when  prepared  by  other  methods. 
Accordingly  several  plats  were  sprayed  with  copper  ferrocyanide, 
alone  and  in  combination  with  arsenate  of  lead,,  prepared  as  shown  in 
Table  21. 

EFFECT  ON  FOLIAGE 

The  foliage  of  all  the  sprayed  plats  was  free  from  scab  during  the 
entire  season.  That  of  Plats  19,  20,  and  21  was  more  vigorous  and 
of  a  darker  green  than  that  of  Plats  16,  17,  and  18.  This  difference 
may  have  been  due  to  an  invigorating  effect  exercised  by  the  arsenate 


'J.  C.  Blair  et  al.,  111.  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.  Bui.  185,  p.  186. 


468  BULLETIN  No.  206  [April, 

of  lead.  All  plats  had  a  small  amount  of  spray  injury  in  the  form 
of  small,  brown  spots.  Insect  work  on  Plats  16,  17,  and  18  was 
greater  than  on  the  other  plats,  where  arsenate  of  lead  was  added  to 
the  sprays.  A  slight  infection  of  frog-eye  fungus  was  present  on  all 
these  plats. 

EFFECT  ON  FRUIT 

The  apples  from  these  plats  were  picked  and  examined  October  G 
and  7.  The  results  are  given  in  Table  21.  The  fungous  infection  of 
the  unsprayed  apples  was  so  small  that  the  differences  favoring  the 
various  sprayed  plats  are  not  believed  to  be  significant  enough  to 
warrant  drawing  conclusions  on  the  effectiveness  of  copper-ferrocya- 
nide  sprays  as  fungicides.  As  insecticides  they  proved  wholly  worth- 
less when  used  without  arsenate  of  lead.  The  color  of  the  fruit  sprayed 
with  copper  ferrocyanide  alone  was  decidedly  less  attractive  than  that 
of  the  fruit  sprayed  with  copper  ferrocyanide  and  arsenate  of  lead. 
The  general  results  of  the  experiment  are  considered  unfavorable  to 
the  use  of  copper  ferrocyanide  when  made  by  any  of  the  methods 
here  used. 

RELATIVE  VALUES  OF  PROPRIETARY  LIME-SULFUR  COMPOUNDS 

Thomsen  atomic  sulfur,  Niagara  soluble  sulfur,  and  lime  sulfur 
were  tested  and  compared  as  shown  by  the  treatments  indicated  in 
Table  22. 

EFFECT  ON  FOLIAGE 

The  foliage  of  the  sprayed  plats  was  free  from  any  infection  of 
scab  or  other  fungi  during  the  entire  season.  Plats  22  and  24  had  a 
very  vigorous  dark  green  foliage,  free  from  spray  injury.  The  foliage 
of  Plat  23,  however,  sprayed  with  Niagara  soluble  sulfur,  developed 
a  severe  tip  and  edge  burning  a  few  days  after  both  the  second  and 
the  third  application,  and  as  a  consequence  was  scanty  the  rest  of  the 
season. 

EFFECT  ON  FRUIT 

The  apples  from  these  plats  were  picked  and  examined  October  7, 
8,  and  9.  The  results. are  given  in  Table  22.  The  fruit  from  these 
plats  was  practically  free  from  scab  and  sooty  blotch.  In  comparing 
the  sprayed  plats  with  the  check  plat,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  sprays 
materially  reduced  codling-moth  and  curculio  injuries.  Neither  Thom- 
sen atomic  sulfur  nor  Niagara  soluble  sulfur  caused  any  russeting  of 
the  fruit.  The  plat  sprayed  with  lime  sulfur  showed  2  percent  serious 
and  6.16  percent-slight  russet. 


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470  BULLETIN  No.  206  [April, 

RELATIVE  VALUES  OF  LIGHT  AND  HEAVV:  APPLICATIONS  OF  BORDEAUX 
ARSENATE  OF  LEAD  AND  LIME  SULFUR  ARSENATE  OF  LEAD 

To  determine  the  relative  values  of  light  and  heavy  sprayings  of 
Bordeaux  arsenate  of  lead  and  lime  sulfur  arsenate  of  lead,  four  plats 
were  sprayed  with  these  materials  as  shown  in  Table  23. 

EFFECT  ON  FOLIAGE 

The  foliage  on  the  sprayed  plats  was  free  from  scab  but  showed 
a  little  frog-eye  fungus.  Late  in  the  season  Plats  25  and  26  suffered 
somewhat  from  a  spray  injury  which  took  the  form  of  brown  spots. 
Plats  27  and  28  had  healthy  foliage  and  were  free  from  spray  injury. 

EFFECT  ON  FRUIT 

The  apples  from  these  plats  were  picked  and  examined  October  9 
and  10.  The  results  are  given  in  Table  23.  The  fruit  from  all  the 
sprayed  plats  was  entirely  free  from  scab  and  sooty-blotch  fungi. 
Plats  27  and  28,  sprayed  with  lime  sulfur  arsenate  of  lead,  showed 
almost  perfect  control  of  codling  moth  entering  at  the  calyx,  whi'e 
Plats  25  and  26,  sprayed  with  Bordeaux  arsenate  of  lead,  showed  con- 
trols of  28  percent  in  the  lightly  sprayed  plat  and  73  percent  in  the 
heavily  sprayed  plat.  The  records  of  moths  entering  at  the  side  of  the 
apple  are  not  considered  significant  because  of  the  failure  to  apply 
sprays  for  the  later  broods.  Curculio  injury  was  reduced  on  all  plats ; 
in  the  case  of  the  Bordeaux-sprayed  plats,  the  reduction  was  larger 
on  the  heavily  sprayed  plat,  while  of  the  plats  sprayed  with  lime 
sulfur,  the  reduction  was  inconsistently  less  on  the  heavily  sprayed 
plat. 

While  no  decided  differences  were  shown  between  the  effects  of 
light  and  heavy  applications  in  the  control  of  fungi  and  insects,  nota- 
ble differences  in  the  amounts  of  russet  were  observed.  Heavy  appli- 
cations of  Bordeaux  seriously  russeted  68.25  percent  of  the  apples  as 
compared  with  26  percent  seriously  russeted  by  light  applications.  As 
the  spray  was  applied  with  a  hand  pump  at  pressures  not  greater  than 
]25  pounds,  and  as  the  same  nozzles  were  used  for  both  applications, 
the  greater  amount  of  russet  can  be  attributed  only  to  the  greater 
amount  of  spray  applied.  Both  of  the  plats  sprayed  with  lime  sulfur 
showed  a  negligible  amount  of  russet. 

SUMMARY  OF  RESULTS  AT  GRIGGSVILLE,  1913 

1.  Owing  to  the  small  amounts  of  apple  scab,  sooty  blotch,  and 
other  fungi  which  appeared,  it  was  impossible  to  obtain  conclusive 
results  as  to  the  fungicidal  values  of  the  sprays  used.  Both  Bordeaux 


1918}  SPRAYING  APPLE  ORCHARDS  IN  1913  AND  1914  471 

arsenate  of  lead  and  lime  sulfur  arsenate  of  lead  gave  practically 
complete  control  of  scab  and  sooty  blotch. 

2.  Three  applications  of  Bordeaux  arsenate  of  lead  caused  con- 
siderable foliage  injury  late  in  the  season,  and  very  seriously  russeted, 
stunted,  and  distorted  the  fruit. 

3.  Lime  sulfur  arsenate  of  lead  had  an  invigorating  effect  on 
foliage  and  a  stimulating  effect  on  the  color  and  finish  of  the  fruit. 

4.  Some  russeting  occurred  as  a  result  of  single  applications  of 
Bordeaux  arsenate  of  lead,  applied  either  just  before  or  two  weeks 
after  the  bloom. 

5.  Powdered  arsenate  of  lead  gave  as  good  results  as  the  paste 
arsenate  of  lead. 

6.  Arsenate  of  lead  used  alone  stimulated  color  and  gave  the  fruit 
a  good  finish. 

7.  Various  strengths  of  homemade  lime  sulfur,  containing  2,  4, 
6,  8,  and  10  pounds  of  sulfur,  together  with  4  pounds  of  arsenate  of 
lead  to  100  gallons  of  spray,  all  gave  satisfactory  results.     The  12- 
pound  strength  caused  considerable  injury  to  the  foliage. 

8.  Copper  ferrocyanide  made  in  different  ways  proved  useless  as 
an  insecticide  when  used  alone. 

9.  Thomsen  atomic  sulfur  arsenate  of  lead  and  Grasselli  lime 
sulfur  arsenate  of  lead  gave  equally  good  results  in  the  control  of 
fungi.    Niagara  soluble  sulfur  with  arsenate  of  lead  caused  very  seri- 
ous foliage  injury  but  gave  highly  Colored  fruit  and  satisfactorily 
controlled  scab  and  sooty  blotch. 

10.  Light  spraying  with  Bordeaux,  using  115  to  125  pounds 
pressure,  caused  less  serious  russet  than  heavy  spraying  at  the  same 
pressure. 

11.  Light  and  heavy  spraying  with  lime  sulfur  arsenate  of  lead 
gave  equally  good  results  except  in  the  control  of  curculio,  for  which 
light  applications  were  more  effective. 


472  BULLETIN  No.  206  [April, 

SPRAYING  EXPERIMENTS  IN  1914  AT  GRIGGSVILLE, 
PIKE  COUNTY 

BY  ALFRED  J.  GUNDERSON 
OBJECTS 

Spraying  experiments  were  conducted  at  Griggsville,  in  1914,  to 
study  the  following  points  in  summer  spraying:  (1)  the  relative 
values  of  lime  sulfur  and  Bordeaux;  (2)  the  value  of  interchanging 
lime  sulfur  and  Bordeaux;  (3)  the  value  of  a  drenching  spray,  ap- 
plied at  the  dropping  of  the  petals,  for  the  control  of  codling  moth ; 
(4)  the  relative  values  of  light  and  heavy  applications  of  lime  sulfur 
arsenate  of  lead  and  Bordeaux  arsenate  of  lead;  (5)  the  relative  val- 
ues of  light  and  heavy  applications  of  lime  sulfur  arsenate  of  lead 
and  Bordeaux  arsenate  of  lead  when  used  interchangeably;  (6)  the 
effect  of  reducing  the  strength  of  lime  sulfur  in  the  sprays  following 
the  second  application ;  (7)  the  value  of  a  fourth  summer  application ; 
(8)  the  relative  values  of  certain  brands  of  arsenate  of  lead;  (9)  the 
relative  values  of  certain  proprietary  lime-sulfur  compounds;  and 
(10)  the  fungi cidal  and  insecticidal  values  of  copper  ferrocyanide 
with  and  without  acetate  of  lead  as  an  accelerating  solvent. 

LOCATION  AND  DESCRIPTION   OF  ORCHARD 

The  same  block  of  trees  was -used  in  these  experiments  as  that  used 
in  1913,  described  on  page  458.  The  arrangement  of  the  plats  is 
shown  in  Fig.  5,  page  459. 

APPARATUS   AND   MATERIALS 

The  sprays  were  applied  with  a  Morrill  and  Morley  Eclipse  power 
sprayer  at  about  150  pounds  pressure.  Friend  disc  nozzles  were  used 
except  for  the  second  application  on  Plat  7,  for  which  Bordeaux  noz- 
zles were  used.  Unless  otherwise  stated  in  the  following  tables,  the 
sprays  were  prepared  according  to  the  methods  described  on  pages 
430  and  431. 

WEATHER  CONDITIONS 

The  weather  from  the  middle  of  April  thruout  the  summer  was 
dry.  During  the  fall,  however,  there  were  frequent  rains.  The  tem- 
perature was  exceptionally  high  during  the  summer  months  and  early 
September. 

Effect  on  Fungi. — The  season  was  most  unfavorable  for  fungous 
development.  No  scab  infection  appeared  on  any  of  the  plats  because 
of  the  dryness  of  the  spring  and  early  summer.  Only  a  small  amount 
of  sooty  blotch  developed  during  the  damp  fall  weather. 


1918]  SPRAYING  APPLE  ORCHARDS  IN  1913  AND  1914  473 

Effect  on  Codling  Moth. — Under  the  hot,  dry  conditions  prevailing 
during  the  summer,  a  second  brood  of  codling  moth  appeared,  and 
following  it  a  partial  third  brood.  Larvae  from  this  third  brood  be- 
gan to  enter  the  apples  about  the  middle  of  September  and  continued 
doing  damage  up  into  picking  time.  In  the  experience  of  fruit  grow- 
ers at  Griggsville  an  attack  of  third-brood  codling  moth  had  seldom, 
if  ever,  occurred,  and  most  certainly  never  before  in  the  history  of 
the  experimental  work  at  that  place.  Consequently  such  an  attack 
was  not  anticipated,  and  no  sprays  were  applied  against  it.  Sprays 
had  been  applied,  however,  against  both  the  first  and  second  broods, 
and  these  broods  caused  only  slight  damage.  The  third-brood  moths, 
no  doubt,  came*  from  a  poorly  sprayed  part  of  the  orchard  not  in- 
cluded in  the  experiments,  in  which  large  numbers  of  second-brood 
moths  developed,  producing  a  third  brood  that  infested  the  experi- 
mental plats. 

It  is  recognized  that  from  75  to  85  percent  of  first-brood  codling 
moth  enter  the  apples  at  the  calyx  end;  hence  the  data  in  these  ex- 
periments showing  the  number  of  larvae  entering  thru  the  calyx  would 
furnish  an  excellent  criterion  of  the  effectiveness  of  the  sprays  in 
controlling  first-brood  codling  moths.  Similarly,  the  number  of  larvae 
entering  thru  the  sides  of  the  apples  would,  under  normal  conditions, 
furnish  an  excellent  basis  for  a  comparison  of  the  effectiveness  of 
sprays  in  controlling  larvae  of  the  second-brood  moths.  Unfortu- 
nately, however,  since  the  third-brood  larvae  also  enter  thru  the  sides, 
and  since  the  attack  of  this  brood  was  more  serious  than  that  of  the 
second  brood,  such  comparative  results  as  might  have  been  observed 
from  the  effects  cf  sprays  on  the  second  brood  were  largely  obscured. 
While  there  are  some  small  differences  among  the  various  plats  in 
the  number  of  moths  entering  thru  the  sides  of  the  apples,  these  dif- 
ferences are  not  consistent  nor  large  enough  to  be  conclusive.  In  the 
case  of  the  first  brood,  however,  as  indicated  by  the  number  entering 
thru  the  calyx,  the  results  may  be  considered  conclusive.  Results 
showing  the  percentage  of  side  injury  done  to  apples  by  codling  moth, 
tho  given  in  the  tables  which  follow,  are  not  considered  in  the  con- 
clusions. 

SPRAY  DATES 

All  plats,  with  the  exception  of  Plats  14  and  1C,  which  were 
sprayed  three  times,  received  four  summer  applications.  The  dates 
of  the  applications  were  as  follows :  April  22  to  24,  May  4  to  5,  May 
9  to  12,  and  July  8  to  10. 

RELATIVE  VALUES  OF  LIME  SULFUR  AND  BORDEAUX 

Experiments  conducted  at  Griggsville  during  the  previous  tlmv 
years  showed  lime  sulfur  and  Bordeaux  to  be  equally  effective  in  the 


474  BULLETIN  No.  206          .  [April, 

control  of  fungi  common  to  that  locality.  Furthermore,  it  was  demon- 
strated that  trees  sprayed  with  lime  sulfur  arsenate  of  lead  produced 
fruit  of  higher  color  and  better  finish  and  had  bettev  foliage  than 
those  sprayed  with  Bordeaux  arsenate  of  lead.  The  effects  of  these 
two  sprays  were  again  compared  in  1914,  when  two  plats  were  treated 
as  shown  in  Table  24. 

EFFECT  ON  FOLIAGE 

The  leaves  of  the  trees  sprayed  with  lime  sulfur  arsenate  of  lead 
showed  a  slight  amount  of  spray  injury  which  appeared  in  the  form 
of  tip  and  edge  burning.  Spray  injury  caused  by  Bordeaux  arsenate 
of  lead  appeared  as  small  brown  spots  on  the  foliage.  The  foliage  of 
the  plat  sprayed  with  lime  sulfur  arsenate  of  lead  was  denser  and 
more  vigorous  than  that  of  the  plat  sprayed  with  Bordeaux  arsenate 
of  lead,  which  suffered  from  frequent  epidemics  of  yellow-leaf. 

EFFECT  ON  FRUIT 

The  apples  from  these  plats  were  picked  and  examined  October 
12,  with  the  results  presented  in  Table  24.  These  data  show  that, 
while  the  unsprayed  fruit  had  1.75  percent  serious  and  23.25  percent 
slight  sooty  blotch,  both  Bordeaux  arsenate  of  lead  and  lime  sulfur 
arsenate  of  lead  completely  controlled  the  infection.  Sooty  blotch 
was  confined  entirely  to  the  unsprayed  fruit  hanging  near  the  ground 
and  was  due  to  frequent  fall  rains,  which  created  favorable  conditions 
for  the  development  of  this  disease.  The  unsprayed  fruit  had  10.25 
percent  calyx  injury  caused  by  first-brood  codling  moth;  Plat  2, 
sprayed  with  lime  sulfur  arsenate  of  lead,  had  .75  percent  of  this 
injury;  and  Plat  1,  sprayed  with  Bordeaux  arsenate  of  lead,  1.25 
percent.  The  check  plat  showed  23.25  percent  serious  curculio  injury 
as  compared  with  6.75  percent  on  Plat  1  and  4.5  percent  on  Plat  2. 

A  marked  difference  in  the  effects  of  the  two  sprays  upon  the  fruit 
is  shown  in  the  russet  columns.  Plat  1,  sprayed  with  Bordeaux  ar- 
senate of  lead,  showed  24.75  percent  serious  and  61  percent  slight 
russet,  as  compared  with  .25  percent  serious  and  3  percent  slight  rus- 
set on  Plat  2,  sprayed  with  lime  sulfur  arsenate  of  lead.  Reference 
to  the  amount  of  russet  on  the  unsprayed  row  will  show  that  1.25 
percent  serious  and  2.25  percent  slight  russet  may  have  been  caused 
by  something  other  than  the  sprays.  Since  these  amounts  were  pres- 
ent on  the  unsprayed  trees,  the  indications  are  that  lime  sulfur  ar- 
senate of  lead  was  not  responsible  for  the  russet  recorded.  By  the 
same  reasoning  it  would  also  appear  that  23.5  percent  serious  and 
58.75  percent  slight  russet  in  Plat  1  was  caused  by  Bordeaux. 

The  apples  from  the  plat  sprayed  with  lime  sulfur  arsenate  of 
lead  were  the  only  ones  affected  by  burning.  This  injury  followed 
within  two  days  after  the  fourth  application,  which  was  made  July  8. 


1918}  SPRAYING  APPLE  ORCHARDS  IN  1913  AND  1914  475 

The  temperature  at  the  time  of  this  application  was  99°  F.  When 
first  noticed  the  injury  appeared  as  black,  sunken  areas  the  size  of 
a  half  dollar,  and  was  confined  to  fruit  on  certain  limbs.  Tho  it 
seemed  then  that  considerable  injury  had  been  done,  by  picking  time 
only  a  small  percentage  of  the  fruit  showed  the  effect  of  burning. 

Heavy  applications  of  lime  sulfur  arsenate  of  lead  applied  as  late 
ass  July  and  August  are  usually  followed  by  burning,  especially  if 
the  weather  is  very  warm.  The  absence  of  the  pubescence  character- 
istic of  apples  earlier  in  the  season  permits  the  spray  to  run  together 
over  the  smooth  surface  of  the  apples  and  collect  in  one  spot.  The 
material  so  collected  dries  quickly  in  hot  sunlight  and  becomes  so 
caustic  that  injury  to  the  skin  results.  Heavy  spraying  has  been 
safely  done,  however,  as  late  as  three  weeks  following  the  bloom,  even 
during  hot  weather.  The  absence  of  any  resulting  injury  was  in  all 
probability  due  to  the  pubescent  condition  of  the  fruit.  Plat  2  was 
sprayed  thoroly  but  not  heavily  early  in  July.  In  spite  of 'the  care 
exerted,  some  of  the  fruit  received  more  material  than  was  intended 
and  some  burn  resulted. 

Plat  2,  sprayed  with  lime  sulfur  arsenate  of  lead,  had  65  percent 
No.  1's  as  compared  with  51  percent  in  Plat  1,  which  was  sprayed 
with  Bordeaux  arsenate  of  lead.  Bordeaux  russet  was  responsible 
for  most  of  the  difference.  The  apples  sprayed  with  Bordeaux  ar- 
senate of  lead  were  poorly  colored  and  had  a  rough  finish,  while  those 
sprayed  with  lime  sulfur  arsenate  of  lead  were  highly  colored,  smooth, 
and  waxy. 

VALUE  OF  INTERCHANGING  LIME  SULFUR  AND  BORDEAUX  AS 
SUMMER  SPRAYS 

In  order  to  obtain  additional  information  on  the  value  of  inter- 
changing lime  sulfur  and  Bordeaux  as  summer  sprays,  plats  were 
sprayed  as  shown  in  Table  25. 

EFFECT  ON  FOLIAGE 

The  foliage  of  Plats  3,  4,  and  5  showed  a  small  amount  of  spray 
injury  in  the  form  of  brown  spots  caused  by  the  Bordeaux  and  as  tip 
and  edge  burning  caused  by  the  lime  sulfur.  All  three  plats  suffered 
from  an  attack  of  yellow-leaf  which  slightly  reduced  the  amount  of 
foliage. 

EFFECT  ON  FRUIT 

The  apples  from  these  plats  were  picked  and  examined  October  12, 
with  the  results  presented  in  Table  25.  Sooty  blotch  was  perfectly 
controlled  by  all  the  sprays.  Calyx  injury  from  codling  moth  was 
materially  reduced  on  all  plats.  The  unsprayed  row  showed  23.25  per- 


476 


BULLETIN  No.  206 


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W18]  SPRAYING  APPLE  ORCHARDS  IN  1913  AND  1914  477 

cent  serious  injury  from  curculio,  but  this,  too,  was  effectively  reduced 
on  the  sprayed  plats. 

As  in  the  preceding  experiment,  important  differences  are  brought 
out  in  the  russet  columns.  The  unsprayed  row  showed  1.25  percent 
serious  and  2.25  percent  slight  russet.  By  subtracting  these  percent- 
ages from  those  reported  under  the  various  treatments,  it  will  be  seen 
that  in  Plat  5  Bordeaux  applied  at  the  cluster-bud  stage  caused  2  per- 
cent serious  and  17  percent  slight  russet;  Bordeaux  applied  to  Plat 
4  early  in  July  caused  practically  no  russet ;  and  the  Bordeaux  applied 
to  Plat  3  at  the  cluster-bud  stage  and  again  early  in  July  caused  .75 
percent  serious  and  17.25  percent  slight  russet.  Bordeaux,  then,  rus- 
soted  the  fruit  when  applied  just  before  the  bloom,  but  not  when  ap- 
plied as  late  as  July  8,  more  than  two  months  after  the  bloom. 

Plat  5  showed  7  percent  serious  and  3  percent  slight  burn.  This 
followed  applications  of  lime  sulfur  arsenate  of  lead  made  July  8 
with  the  temperature  at  99°  F.  and  above. 

Plats  2,  3,  4,  and  5  had  good  percentages  of  No.  1  apples.  The 
apples  from  Plats  3  and  5  had  a  rough  finish  due  to  slight  russet,  but 
showed  fair  color,  while  those  from  Plat  4  had  better  color  and  finish. 
It  was  clearly  demonstrated,  from  the  appearance  of  the  fruit  on  the 
trees,  that  the  less  frequently  Bordeaux  arsenate  of  lead  was  used 
before  July  1,  the  better  the  color  and  finish  of  the  apples. 

VALUE  OF  A  DRENCHING  SPRAY,  APPLIED  AT  THE  DROPPING  OF  THE 
PETALS,  FOR  THE  CONTROL  OF  CODLING  MOTH 

Early  in  the  spring  r.n  Illinois  apple  grower  requested  that  fur- 
ther tests  be  made  of  the  value  of  a  drenching  spray  applied  at  the 
dropping  of  the  petals  for  the  control  of  codling  moth.  In  the  fol- 
lowing experiment  this  method  was  tested  and  compared  with  an  ordi- 
nary thoro  spraying.  The  spray  schedule  for  the  plats  thus  treated 
is  shown  in  Table  26.  Bordeaux  nozzles  were  used  for  the  drenching 
spray  and  Friend  disc  nozzles  for  the  ordinary  thoro  spraying. 

EFFECT  ON  FOLIAGE 

With  the  exception  of  a  slight  amount"  of  spray  injury,  the  foliage 
of  both  sprayed  plats  was  good. 

EFFECT  ON  FRUIT 

The  fruit  from  these  plats  was  picked  and  examined  October  13 
and  14,  with  the  results  presented  in  Table  26.  Plats  7  and  3  were 
entirely  free  from  sooty  blotch.  Plat  7  showed  5.5  percent  calyx  in- 
jury from  codling  moth  as  compared  with  .5  percent  of  the  same  in- 
jury on  Plat  3  and  10.25  percent  or;  the  unsprayed  row.  The  greater 
infestation  of  codling  moth  on  Plat  7,  where  the  drenching  spray  was 


BULLETIN  NO.   206 


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1918}  SPRAYING  APPLE  ORCHARDS  IN  1913  AND  1914  479 

used,  may  have  been  due  to  the  ineffectiveness  of  the  spray,  which 
was  applied  at  the  dropping  of  the  petals  and  for  which  Bordeaux 
nozzles  were  used.  The  pressure  was  less  than  100  pounds,  while  in 
the  case  of  Plat  3,  sprayed  at  the  same  time  but  with  Friend  nozzles, 
the  pressure  remained  at  1 50  pounds.  The  low  pressure  and  the  coarse 
spray  resulting  from  the  use  of  the  Bordeaux  nozzles  may  have  pre- 
vented proper  penetration  into  the  calyx  ends  of  the  apples.  The 
drenching  spray,  however,  proved  more  effective  in  the  control  of 
curculio.  While  the  infestation  was  greatly  reduced  by  both  sprays, 
the  injury  from  this  insect  in  Plat  7  was  negligible. 

In  the  preceding  experiment  it  was  shown  that  while  Bordeaux 
applied  at  the  cluster-bud  stage  caused  russet,  no  such  injury  resulted 
from  applications  made  early  in  July.  By  subtracting  the  amount 
of  russet  recorded  for  the  check  trees  from  that  recorded  for  Plats  7 
and  3,  it  is  again  shown  that  some  russeting  may  result  from  an  ap- 
plication of  Bordeaux  applied  just  before  the  bloom.  The  color  of 
the  fruit  from  both  plats  was  good,  but  the  finish  was  somewhat  rough 
on  account  of  a  slight  russet. 

RELATIVE  VALUES  OF  LIGHT  AND  HEAVY  APPLICATIONS  OF  LIME  SULFUR 
ARSENATE  OF  LEAD  AND  BORDEAUX  ARSENATE  OF  LEAD 

The  relative  values  of  light  and  heavy  spraying  with  lime  sulfur 
arsenate  of  lead  and  Bordeaux  arsenate  of  lead  were  tested  on  plats 
which  were  sprayed  as  shown  in  Table  27. 

EFFECT  ON  FOLIAGE 

The  foliage  of  Plat  8,  sprayed  heavily  with  Bordeaux  arsenate  of 
lead,  was  reduced  considerably  by  spray  injury  and  by  two  epidemics 
of  yellow-leaf.  Plat  9,  receiving  heavy  applications  of  lime  sulfur 
arsenate  of  lead,  showed  considerable  tip  and  edge  burning.  Plats  11 
and  12,  on  the  other  hand,  receiving  light  applications  of  Bordeaux 
arsenate  of  lead  and  lime  sulfur  arsenate  of  lead,  respectively,  showed 
very  little  spray  injury  and  had  excellent  foliage. 

EFFECT  ON  FRUIT 

The  fruit  from  these  plats  was  picked  and  examined  October  14, 
and  15,  with  the  results  presented  in  Table  27.  Sooty  blotch  was 
completely  controlled  by  all  the  sprays.  Calyx  injury  from  codling 
moth  was  practically  the  same  for  all  four  plats;  a  considerable  re- 
duction from  the  injury  recorded  for  the  unsprayed  row  was  shown. 
Curculio  injury  was  effectively  and  almost  equally  reduced  on  all  the 
plats  in  this  group. 

When  the  russet  percentages  of  the  check  plat  are  subtracted  from 
the  percentages  of  Plats  8  and  11,  it  is  shown  that  the  Bordeaux 


480  BULLETIN  No.  206  [April, 

caused  30.25  percent  serious  and  61.75  percent  slight  russet  on  Plat 
8,  and  2  percent  serious  and  48.75  percent  slight  russet  on  Plat  11. 
Since  all  the  sprays  on  both  plats  were  applied  at  about  150  pounds 
pressure  and  under  the  same  conditions,  these  results  indicate  that 
the  amount  and  the  severity  of  the  russet  depended  upon  the  quantity 
of  Bordeaux  used.  Deducting  the  amount  of  russet  recorded  for  the 
unsprayed  plat  from  that  recorded  for  Plats  9  and  12,  shows  that  the 
lime  sulfur  arsenate  of  lead  used  in  these  plats  caused  no  russet. 

The  percentage  of  burn  caused  by  the  lime  sulfur  arsenate  oj!  lead 
was  greater  where  the  heavier  applications  were  made.  The  fact  that 
the  burn  occurred  on  both  plats  soon  after  the  fourth  spray,  applied 
early  in  July  during  very  hot  weather,  would  indicate  that  if  lime 
sulfur  is  applied  either  heavily  or  lightly  late  in  the  season  when  the 
temperature  is  near  100°  F.,  some  burning  will  result.  The  amount 
of  burning  will  depend  upon  the  quantity  of  material  applied.  Spray- 
ing so  as  not  to  permit  the  material  to  collect  in  drops  seems  to  be 
the  best  way  to  avoid  this  burn. 

Plat  12  had  the  highest  percentage  of  No.  1  apples ;  the  percent- 
ages of  Plats  9  and  11  were  almost  as  high  and  practically  equal.  In 
Plat  8  the  percentage  was  reduced  by  the  serious  russet  present.  The 
fruit  from  Plats  9  and  12  had  excellent  color  and  finish,  while  that 
from  Plats  8  and  11,  because  of  russet,  lacked  these  qualities. 

KELATIVE  VALUES  OF  LIGHT  AND  HEAVY  APPLICATIONS  OF  LIME  SULFUR 

ARSENATE  OF  LEAD  AND  BORDEAUX  ARSENATE  OF  LEAD 

USED  INTERCHANGEABLY 

The  relative  values  of  light  and  heavy  applications  of  lime  sulfur 
•arsenate  of  lead  and  Bordeaux  arsenate  of  lead  when  used  inter- 
changeably were  tested  on  two  plats  treated  as  shown  in  Table  28. 

EFFECT  ON  FOLIAGE 

Both  plats  showed  some  spray  injury,  Plat  10,  which  received  the 
heavy  spraying,  having  slightly  more  than  Plat  13. 

EFFECT  ON  FRUIT 

The  fruit  from  these  plats  was  picked  and  examined  October  14 
and  15,  with  the  results  presented  in  Table  28.  Both  plats  were  en- 
tirely free  from  sooty  blotch.  Curculio  and  codling-moth  injuries 
.were  slightly  greater  on  Plat  13  than  on  Plat  10,  altho  damage  from 
both  insects  was  materially  reduced  on  these  plats,  as  shown  by  com- 
parison with  that  on  the  unsprayed  row. 

According  to  results  obtained  by  subtracting  the  percentages  for 
the  check  plat  from  those  for  the  sprayed  plats,  Plat  10  had  4.75  per- 
cent serious  and  19.25  percent  slight  russet,  and  Plat  13  had  11.75 


1918}  SPRAYING  APPLE  ORCHARDS  IN  1913  AND  1914  481 

percent  slight  russet  caused  by  the  sprays.  It  is  evident  here,  as  in 
the  preceding  experiment,  that  the  amount  and  severity  of  the  russet 
were  regulated  by  the  amount  of  spray  applied,  since  all  the  applica- 
tions were  made  at  the  same  pressure. 

The  effect  of  the  different  treatments  is  not  brought  out  in  the 
grade  columns,  where  the  percentages  are  practically  the  same  for 
both  plats.  The  color  of  the  fruit  from  these  plats  was  good,  but  finish 
was  lacking  because  of  russet. 

EFFECT  OF  GRADUALLY  REDUCING  THE  STRENGTH  OF  LIME 
SULFUR  AFTER  THE  SECOND  APPLICATION 

The  effects  of  gradually  reducing  the  strength  of  the  lime  sulfur 
in  applications  of  lime  sulfur  arsenate  of  lead,  following  the  second 
spraying,  were  tested  as  shown  in  Table  29.  These  were  compared  in 
turn  with  the  effects  of  lime  sulfur  used  at  the  same  strength  thruout 
the  season  in  combination  with  arsenate  of  lead. 

EFFECT   ON  FOLIAGE 

The  foliage  of  both  sprayed  plats  showed  some  lime-sulfur  injury 
in  the  form  of  tip  and  edge  burning ;  otherwise  the  foliage  was  good. 

EFFECT  ON  FRUIT 

The  fruit  from  these  plats  was  picked  and  examined  October  12 
and  13,  with  the  results  presented  in  Table  29.  Both  sprayed  plats 
were  entirely  free  from  sooty  blotch.  Codling-moth  calyx  injury  was 
almost  equally  well  controlled  by  both  sprays.  Curculio  was  more 
effectively  controlled  on  Plat  6,  where  different  strengths  of  lime 
sulfur  were  used,  than  on  Plat  2,  where  the  same  strength  was  used 
thruout  the  season.  Both  treatments,  however,  greatly  reduced  cur- 
culio  infestation,  as  is  indicated  by  the  infestation  on  the  unsprayed 
row.  The  russet  shown  on  Plats  2  and  6  could  not  have  been  caused 
by  the  spray,  because  practically  the  same  amount  was  present  on  the 
unsprayed  apples.  The  amount  of  burn,  which  was  small,  was  prac- 
tically equal  on  both  plats.  This  injury  followed  soon  after  the  fourth 
application,  made  early  in  July  on  an  extremely  warm  day.  In  spite 
of  the  care  taken  to  spray  the  trees  thoroly  but  not  heavily,  a  few 
branches  received  too  much  spray,  and  the  fruit  on  these  suffered  from 
burn.  The  percentage  of  No.  1  apples  was  greater  on  Plat  6  than  on 
Plat  2.  The  fruit  of  both  plats  had  excellent  color  and  finish. 

VALUE  OF  A  FOURTH  SUMMER  APPLICATION 

With  the  object  of  determining  the  value  of  a  fourth  summer  ap- 
plication, four  plats  were  sprayed  as  shown  in  Table  30. 


482 


BULLETIN  No.  206 


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484  BULLETIN  No.  206  [April, 

EFFECT   ON  FOLIAGE 

The  foliage  of  Plats  14  and  16,  which  did  not  receive  a  fourth 
application,  was  practically  free  from  spray  injury,  while  that  of  Plat 
2  showed  some  injury  caused  by  the  fourth  application.  So  far  as 
the  foliage  was  concerned  the  fourth  application  of  Bordeaux  arsenate 
of  lead  and  lime  sulfur  arsenate  of  lead  did  more  harm  than  good. 

EFFECT  ON  FRUIT 

The  fruit  from  these  plats  was  picked  and  examined  October  12 
and  19,  with  the  results  presented  in  Table  30.  Sooty  blotch  was 
completely  controlled  on  all  plats.  Codling-moth  calyx  injury  was 
completely  controlled  on  Plat  14  and  effectively  controlled  on  the  other 
sprayed  plats.  Curculio  infestation  was  also  effectively  reduced. 

Comparison  of  the  russet  percentages  of  the  sprayed  plats  with 
those  of  the  check  plat  shows  that  the  russet  on  Plats  2  and  16  was 
caused  by  something  other  than  the  sprays.  Plat  3,  however,  had  .75 
percent  serious  and  17.25  percent  slight  russet,  and  Plat  14  had  2 
percent  serious  and  14.25  percent  slight  russet  caused  by  the  Bor- 
deaux. It  has  been  previously  stated  that  Bordeaux  does  not  russet 
fruit  when  applied  as  late  in  the  season  as  July.  Since  the  amount  of 
russet  on  Plats  3  and  14  is  practically  equal,  it  is  again  shown  that 
the  fourth  spray  of  Bordeaux  did  not  cause  russet. 

Plat  2,  which  received  four  applications  of  lime  sulfur  arsenate  of 
lead,  had  .75  percent  serious  and  1.75  percent  slight  burn.  Since  no 
burn  was  found  on  the  fruit  of  Plat  16,  which  received  only  three 
sprays  of  this  material,  the  injury  on  Plat  2  must  have  resulted  from 
the  fourth  application,  made  in  July. 

All  four  sprayed  plats  had  a  good  percentage  of  No.  1  apples.  The 
fruit  from  Plats  2  and  16  had  better  color  and  finish  than  that  from 
Plats  3  and  14,  because  of  the  absence  of  Bordeaux  russet. 

These  experiments  showed  that  a  fourth  application  of  Bordeaux 
arsenate  of  lead  was  of  no  value ;  that  a  fourth  application  of  lime 
sulfur  arsenate  of  lead  caused  burn;  and  that  three  applications  of 
lime  sulfur  arsenate  of  lead  gave  equally  good  results  in  controlling 
sooty  blotch  and  caused  no  injury  to  the  fruit. 

RELATIVE  VALUES  OF  CERTAIN  BRANDS  OF  ARSENATE  OF  LEAD 

In  this  experiment  certain  brands  of  arsenate  of  lead  were  tested 
on  plats  treated  as  shown  in  Table  31. 

EFFECT  ON   FOLIAGE 

The  foliage  of  these  plats  showed  some  burning  caused  by  Bordeaux 
and  lime  sulfur  arsenate  of  lead. 


1918] 


SPRAYING  APPLE  ORCHARDS  IN  1913  AND  1914 


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486  BULLETIN  No.  206  [April, 

EFFECT  ON  FRUIT 

The  fruit  from  these  plats  was  picked  and  examined  October  19 
and  20.  As  shown  in  Table  31,  the  fruit  of  the  sprayed  plats  was  en- 
tirely free  from  sooty  blotch.  The  unsprayed  row  showed  11.5  per- 
cent codling-moth  calyx  injury.  Grasselli  paste  arsenate  of  lead  (4- 
100)  reduced  this  injury  to  .5  percent;  Corona  powdered  arsenate 
of  lead  (2-100)  to  .25  percent;  Corona  powdered  arsenate  of  lead 
(4-100)  to  1  percent;  Ansbacher  paste  arsenate  of  lead  (4-100)  to 
.25  percent;  Dow  paste  arsenate  of  lead  (4-100)  to  1.75  percent; 
Sherwin-Williams  paste  arsenate  of  lead  (4-100)  to  2.75  percent; 
Sherwin-Williams  powdered  arsenate  of  lead  (2-100)  controlled  it 
completely;  and  Thomsen  paste  arsenate  of  lead  (4-100)  reduced  it 
to  .25  percent.  All  the  arsenates  of  lead  reduced  curculio  infestation. 

All  sprayed  plats  showed  some  russet  from  the  first  application  of 
Bordeaux,  but  all,  with  the  exception  of  Plat  21,  had  a  good  percent- 
age of  No.  1  apples.  The  apples  in  Plat  21  were  most  severely  dam- 
aged by  the  partial  third  brood  of  codling  moth.  The  color  of  the 
fruit  was  good  on  all  plats,  but  the  finish  was  rough. 

RELATIVE  VALUES  OF  CERTAIN  PROPRIETARY  LIME-SULFUR  COMPOUNDS 

The  relative  values  of  Niagara  soluble  sulfur,  Thomsen  atomic  sul- 
fur, and  lime  sulfur  were  tested  as  shown  in  Table  32. 

EFFECT  ON  FOLIAGE 

Lime  sulfur  arsenate  of  lead  caused  some  tip  and  edge  burning 
on  the  foliage  of  Plat  15.  Injury  from  Niagara  soluble  sulfur  arse- 
nate of  lead,  together  with  an  epidemic  of  yellow-leaf,  reduced  the 
amount  of  foliage  in  Plat  24.  The  foliage  of  Plat  25,  sprayed  with 
Thomsen  atomic  sulfur,  was  excellent;  it  showed  but  a  negligible 
amount  of  tip  and  edge  burning. 

EFFECT  ON  FRUIT 

The  fruit  from  these  plats  was  picked  and  examined  October  19 
and  21,  with  the  results  presented  in  Table  32.  As  in  the  preceding 
experiments,  all  the  sprayed  plats  were  entirely  free  from  sooty  blotch. 
Codling-moth  calyx  injury  was  reduced  from  11.5  percent  on  the  un- 
sprayed row  to  .5  percent  on  Plat  15,  .25  percent  on  Plat  24,  and  1 
percent  on  Plat  25.  Considerable  burning  of  the  fruit  occurred  on 
Plat  15,  and  some  on  Plats  24  and  25.  The  injury  in  each  case  fol- 
lowed the  fourth  application,  made  during  the  hot  weather  of  early 
July,  and  appeared  only  on  the  fruit  of  certain  branches  which  had 
received  a  little  too  much  spray.  The  fruit  of  all  three  plats  possessed 
excellent  color  and  finish.  That  of  Plat  24,  however,  excelled  all  other 
fruit  in  the  orchard  with  respect  to  color.  A  good  percentage  of  No. 
1  apples  was  obtained  from  each  plat. 


1918] 


SPRAYING  APPLE  ORCHARDS  IN  1913  AND  1914 


487 


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TABLE  32.  —  EFFECTS 

Treatment 

Grasselli  lime  sulfur  arsenate 
of  lead  (2-4-100)  
Niagara  soluble  sulfur  arse- 
nate of  lead  (2-4-100)  .  . 
Thomsen  atomic  sulfur  arse- 
nate of  lead  (14-4-100)  .. 
No  treatment  .  '.  

3.  —  EFFECTS  OF  COPPER  FERR 

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488  BULLETIN  No.  206  [April, 

FUNGICIDAL  AND  INSECTICIDAL  VALUES  OP  COPPER  FERROCYANIDE  WITH 
AND   WITHOUT   ACETATE   OF  LEAD  AS  AN  ACCELERATING   SOLVENT 

The  results  of  past  experiments  with  copper  ferrocyanide  showed 
it  to  be  practically  useless  either  as  a  fungicide  or  as  an  insecticide. 
This  ineffectiveness  may  be  explained  by  the  fact  that  copper  ferrocya- 
nide is  very  insoluble.  It  was  suggested  that  the  addition  of  an 
accelerating  solvent,  such  as  acetate  of  lead,  might  make  this  com- 
pound sufficiently  soluble  to  be  effective.  Accordingly,  three  plats 
were  treated  as  shown  in  Table  33. 

EFFECT  ON  FOLIAGE 

The  foliage  of  Plats  26  and  27  was  by  far  the  best  in  the  orchard, 
from  the  standpoint  of  both  color  and  size.  The  leaves  possessed  a 
dark  green,  velvety  appearance.  The  foliage  of  Plat  28  was  excellent 
but  not  equal  to  that  of  Plats  26  and  27. 

EFFECT  ON  FRUIT 

The  fruit  from  these  plats  was  picked  and  examined  October. 21 
and  22,  with  the  results  presented  in  Table  33.  The  absence  of  sooty 
blotch  in  Plats  26,  27,  and  28  may  have  been  due  to  the  fact  that  these 
plats  were  situated  on  higher  and  drier  ground  than  the  unsprayed 
trees.  Codling-moth  calyx  injury  was  almost  equally  reduced  on 
Plats  26  and  27  by  the  action  of  the  arsenate  of  lead.  On  Plat  28, 
however,  this  injury  was  not  much  less  than  on  the  unsprayed  row. 
Curculio  injury  was  effectively  reduced  on  Plat  26.  The  greater  in- 
jury from  this  insect  shown  in  Plat  27  may  be  explained  by  the  fact 
that  this  plat  was  situated  near  a  clump  of  woods  and  underbrush. 
It  has  been,  the  experience  of  the  writer  that  when  even  thoroly 
sprayed  trees  are  situated  in  close  proximity  to  a  woods  or  a  brush 
heap,  they  suffer  more  from  curculio  than  those  in  the  open.  The 
sprays  applied  to  Plat  28  reduced  curculio  infestation  only  slightly. 

Plats  26  and  27  had  fruit  of  higher  color  and  better  finish  than 
did  Plat  28,  probably  owing  to  the  arsenate  of  lead  in  the  sprays. 
Plats  26  and  27  far  surpassed  Plat  28  in  the  percentage  of  No.  1  apples. 
Plat  28  and  the  unsprayed  row  had  about  equal  percentages. 

SUMMARY  OF  RESULTS  AT  GRIGGSVILLE,  1914 

1.  Climatic  conditions  at  Griggsville  in  1914  were  unfavorable1 
to  scab  development  but  favorable  to  codling-moth  infestation. 

2.  Codling-moth  calyx  injury  was  greatly  reduced  on  all  plats 
where  arsenate  of  lead  was  used.    Because  of  severe  infestation  from 
a  partial  third  brood  of  this  insect  entering  thru  the  jsides  of  the 
apples  just  prior  to  picking  time,  the  effectiveness  of  the  sprays  in 
controlling  second-brood  codling-moth  larvae  was  largely  obscured. 


1918]  SPRAYING  APPLE  ORCHARDS  IN   1913  AND  1914  489 

3.  Sooty-blotch  infection  was  small ;  it  was  completely  controlled. 

4.  Serious  russeting  of  the  fruit  resulted  from  Bordeaux  applied 
about  a  week  after  the  bloom.     Some  russeting  resulted  from  the 
cluster-bud  application  of  the  same  material,  but  none  from  an  ap- 
plication made  early  in  July. 

5.  Both  Bordeaux  arsenate  of  lead  and  lime  sulfur  arsenate  of 
lead  caused  foliage  injury,  the  former  causing  more  serious  injury 
than  the  latter. 

6.  Lime  sulfur  arsenate  of  lead  applied  on  hot  days  early  in  July 
caused  some  burn.    Early  applications,  however,  did  not. 

7.  Apples  sprayed  with  lime  sulfur  arsenate  of  lead  had  better 
finish  and  color  than  those  sprayed  with  Bordeaux  arsenate  of  lead. 

8.  Interchanging  lime  sulfur  arsenate  of  lead  and  Bordeaux  ar- 
senate of  lead,  except  when  three  applications  of  lime  sulfur  arsenate 
of  lead  were  followed  by  one  of  Bordeaux  arsenate  of  lead  early  in 
July,  proved  unsatisfactory,  owing  to  the  increased  amount  of  russet. 

9.  A  drenching  spray  under  low  pressure  applied  at  the  fall  of 
the  bloom  proved  unsatisfactory  in  the  control  of  codling,  moth. 

10.  The  severity  and  the  amount  of  Bordeaux  russet  depended 
upon  the  quantity  of  spray  used. 

11.  A  heavy  application  of  lime  sulfur  arsenate  of  lead  applied 
early  in  July  caused  more  serious  burn  than  a  light  application  applied 
at  the  same  time.     There  was  no  difference  in  this  respect  between 
light  and  heavy  applications  made  earlier  in  the  season. 

12.  Heavy  applications  of  lime  sulfur  arsenate  of  lead  and  of 
Bordeaux  arsenate  of  lead  used  interchangeably  proved  less  satisfac- 
tory than  light  applications  made  at  the  same  times,  owing  to  the  better 
color  and  finish  of  the  lightly  sprayed  fruit. 

13.  No  particular  advantage  was  gained  by  gradually  reducing 
the  strength  of  lime  sulfur  in  the  applications  of  lime  sulfur  arsenate 
of  lead  following  the  second  spraying ;  l-in-20  homemade  lime  sulfur 
caused  practically  the  same  amount  of  burn  as  l-in-50  homemade  lime 
sulfur  when  applied  early  in  July. 

14.  Three  applications  of  lime  sulfur  arsenate  of  lead  proved 
more  satisfactory  than  four  applications  of  either  lime  sulfur  arsenate 
of  lead  or  Bordeaux  arsenate  of  lead. 

15.  All  brands  of  arsenate  of  lead  tested  reduced  codling-moth 
injury  effectively. 

16.  Niagara  soluble  sulfur,  Grasselli  lime  sulfur,  and  Thomsen 
atomic  sulfur  combined  with  arsenate  of  lead  caused  some  burning 
of  the  fruit  when  applied  early  in  July.    The  soluble  sulfur  seriously 
injured  the  foliage ;  the  other  two  sprays  caused  but  slight  injury. 

17.  No  data  were  secured  on  the  fungicidal  value  of  copper  fer- 
rocyanide  with  and  without  acetate  of  lead.     The  data  on  the  in- 
secticidal  value  of  this  spray  indicate  that  it  is  too  slight  in  effect  to  be 
of  commercial  significance. 


490  BULLETIN  No.  206  [April, 


GENERAL  SUMMARY 

BY  B.  S.  P1CKETT 

The  field  experiments  in  spraying  in  1913  and  1914,  having  been 
performed  with  a  view  to  solving  certain  definite  problems,  are  sum- 
marized in  the  form  of  answers  to  specific  questions  suggested  directly 
or  indirectly  by  the  general  considerations  discussed  in  the  introduc- 
tion to  this  bulletin. 

SUMMARY  OF  DATA 

1.  What  is  the  general  effectiveness  of  applications  of  standard 
spray  mixtures,  including  Bordeaux,  lime  sulfur,  and  arsenate  of 
lead,  in  the  control  of  fungi  and  insects  affecting  the  apple  crop? 

In  summarizing  the  data  for  the  field  experiments  during  the  years 
1909  to  1912,1  the  writer,  in  answering  a  similar  question,  made  the 
following  .statement : 

"No  fact  stands  out  more  distinctly  in  a  study  of  the  data  presented  in 
the  reports  included  in  this  bulletin  than  the  general  effectiveness  of  spraying 
over  no  spraying.  Even  under  the  most  unfavorable  circumstances,  some  degree 
of  benefit  has  resulted  from  the  application  of  all  the  standard  sprays  in  every 
series  of  experiments  and  in  every  year  of  the  experimentation.  Year  after  year 
the  sprayed  plats  have  been  conspicuous  by  their  more  healthy  and  vigorous 
foliage  and  by  the  freedom  of  their  fruit  from  insects,  and  diseases." 

The  data  obtained  in  1913  and  1914  add  further  evidence  of  the 
effectiveness  of  spraying,  tho  the  comparative  freedom  of  some  of  the 
orchards  from  fungi  and  of  others  from  codling  moth  and  curculio, 
in  one  or  both  seasons,  has  resulted  in  obtaining  fewer  records  than 
had  there  been  more  generally  severe  infestations  of  insects  and  in- 
fections of  fungi. 

Tables  34  and  35  present  a  summary  of  all  the  data  obtained  in 
1913  and  1914  which  bear  directly  on  the  effectiveness  of  Bordeaux, 
lime  sulfur,  and  arsenate  of  lead  in  controlling  fungous  diseases  and 
insects.  At  a  casual  glance  it  will  be  seen  that  in  nearly  all  cases 
high  degrees  of  control  of  diseases  and  insects  prevail.  In  interpre- 
ting the  data,  however,  allowances  must  be  made  for  the  severity  of 
the  disease  infection  or  the  insect  infestation,  as  the  case  may  be. 
When  such  allowances  are  made,  the  advantages  of  spraying  become 
even  more  marked  than  the  controls  in  the  tables  indicate. 

No  data  on  the  control  of  apple  scab  or  other  fungous  diseases 
where  either  Bordeaux  or  lime  sulfur  with  arsenate  of  lead  were  used 
were  secured  at  Neoga  or  Flora.  At  Neoga,  apple  scab  did  not  appear 
during  1913  and  1914,  and  at  Flora  no  tests  were  made  of  either  spray 
alone.  At  Griggsville,  in  1913,  there  was  a  small  infection  of  apple 


*J.  C.  Blair  et  al.,  111.  Agr,  Exp.  Sta.  Bui.  185,  p.  187. 


SPRAYING  APPLE  ORCHARDS  IN  1913  AND  1914 


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1918]  SPRAYING  APPLE  ORCHARDS  IN  1913  AND  1914  493 

scab  amounting  in  one  check  plat  to  1.41  and  in  another  to  2.33  per- 
cent of  the  crop.  Both  Bordeaux  and  lime  sulfur,  when  used  sep- 
arately, completely  controlled  the  disease  except  in  one  plat,  where 
lime  sulfur  exercised  a  control  of  89  percent.  The  total  amount  of 
scab  in  this  plat  amounted,  however,  to  only  .16  of  one  percent  of  the 
crop,  an  amount  wholly  negligible  from  a  practical  standpoint.  In 
1914  no  apple  scab  appeared  at  Griggsville.  Sooty-blotch  infections 
running  from  5  to  22.74  percent  in  1913  and  from  8.5  to  25  percent 
in  1914  were  recorded  for  the  check  plats.  Both  Bordeaux  and  lime 
sulfur,  however,  when  used  separately,  completely  controlled  this  dis- 
ease in  both  seasons; 

Using  Bordeaux  and  lime  sulfur  for  different  applications  in  the 
same  schedule  also  gave  excellent  results  in  controlling  fungous  dis- 
eases. At  Flora  in  1913,  where  there  was  a  serious  infection  of  scab, 
amounting  to  34.9  percent  in  one  check  plat  and  62.2  percent  in  an- 
other, the  combined  sprays  exercised  controls  running  from  86  to  100 
percent.  With  blotch  the  results  were  more  variable  but  of  decided 
importance.  The  infections  in  the  check  plats  were  52.6  and  56.6  per- 
cent respectively,  while  the  controls  varied  from  43  to  93  percent.  At 
Griggsville,  where  there  was  a  slight  infection  of  scab  in  1913,  the 
combined  sprays  resulted  in  completely  controlling  the  disease,  while 
at  the  same  place  from  95  to  100  percent  control  of  sooty  blotch  was 
obtained  in  1913  and  1914. 

Codling  moth  and  curculio,  as  a  rule,  were  well  controlled  by  ap- 
plications of  arsenate  of  lead.  Table  35  shows  that  in  the  entire  series 
of  experiments,  the  control  of  first-brood  codling  moth  in  the  most 
effectively  sprayed  plats  ranged  from  78  to  100  percent.  In  nineteen 
cases  out  of  twenty-three  the  control  was  above  90  percent.  Even 
among  the  plats  least  effectively  sprayed  in  each  series,  controls  rang- 
ing up  to  91  percent  were  obtained.  In  a  single  instance  in  the  Griggs- 
ville experiments  in  1913  one  plat  failed  to  show  any  control  as  a 
result  of  spraying,  but  the  check-plat  infestation  was  only  2.5  percent, 
and  the  difference  between  the  check  and  the  sprayed  plat  was  but 
a  fraction  of  one  percent.  Moreover,  the  most  effectively  sprayed  plat 
in  the  same  series  showed  a  control  of  100  percent. 

Later  broods  of  codling  moth  proved  much  more  difficult  to  con- 
trol ;  nevertheless,  in  the  most  effectively  sprayed  plats,  controls  rang- 
ing from  40  to  97  percent  were  obtained,  while  in  the  least  effectively 
sprayed  plats  the  controls  ranged  from  -8  percent  to  82  percent.  In 
only  one  plat  in  one  series  did  the  sprays  show  no  positive  effective- 
ness in  controlling  late-brood  codling  moth. 

No  data  on  curculio  control  were  obtained  at  Neoga  or  at  Flora, 
but  many  records  were  made  at  Griggsville,  wrhere  the  infestation  was 
sufficiently  serious  in  both  1913  and  1914  to  afford  excellent  opportu- 
nity for  good  comparisons.  In  1913  the  most  effectively  sprayed  plats 


494  BULLETIN  No.  206  [April, 

showed  controls  ranging  from  60  to  94  percent  and  the  least  effectively 
sprayed  plats  from  32  to  79  percent.  In  1914  the  most  effectively 
sprayed  plats  showed  controls  ranging  from  81  to  97  percent  and  the 
least  effectively  sprayed  plats  from  45  to  87  percent.  In  no  case  did 
spraying  with  arsenate  of  lead  fail  to  exercise  a  decidedly  beneficial 
effect. 

These  results,  taken  in  conjunction  with  those  reported  in  Bulletin 
185,  establish  even  more  firmly  the  advantages  of  spraying  with  stand- 
ard insecticides  and  fungicides,  over  no  spraying,  in  controlling  some 
of  the  more  common  insects  and  fungi  affecting  apples. 

2.  What  are  the  relative  values  of  Bordeaux-  and  lime  sulfur  as 
sprays  for  the  apple? 

The  relative  values  of  Bordeaux  and  lime  sulfur  are  dependent 
upon  their  comparative  effectiveness  as  fungicides  and  their  compara- 
tive liability  to  injure  or  improve  the  finish  of  the  fruit  and  the  health 
and  vigor  of  the  tree.  In  Bulletin  185  it  was  concluded  (page  192) 
that  "Bordeaux  and  lime  sulfur,  properly  used,  are  both  excellent 
sprays  for  the  apple."  A  comparison  of  the  effects  of  these  fungi- 
cides in  1913  and  1914  may  be  obtained  from  a  study  of  Table  34.  It 
will  be  seen  that,  as  fungicides,  Bordeaux  and  lime  sulfur  were  equally 
effective,  100-percent  control  being  obtained  in  nearly  every  case. 

In  their  liability  to  cause  injury  to  the  fruit,  marked  differences 
between  the  two  sprays  appeared.  At  Griggsville,  Bordeaux  used 
alone  caused  russeting  to  a  greater  or  less  degree  on  from  50.75  to  92 
percent  of  all  the  apples  to  which  it  was  applied.  No  plats  sprayed 
early  in  the  season  escaped  the  effects  of  the  spray.  On  the  other 
hand,  lime  sulfur  rarely  caused  any  russeting ;  its  range  of  injury  was 
from  .39  to  7.75  percent.  Bordeaux  caused  no  burning  of  the  fruit, 
while  lime  sulfur  in  one  case  burned  2.5  percent  and  in  another  18.5 
percent  of  the  crop.  In  qualities  which  contribute  to  an  attractive 
.finish,  such  as  smoothness,  high  color,  and  waxy  skin,  the  fruit  sprayed 
with  lime  sulfur  was  superior  to  that  sprayed  with  Bordeaux. 

The  only  data  recorded  showing  a  comparison  of  the  effects  of 
Bordeaux  and  lime  sulfur  on  foliage  were  obtained  at  Griggsville.  In 
1913  the  two  sprays  were  equally  effective  in  controlling  leaf  spot 
(Sphceropsis  malorum),  the  only  disease  which  appeared  (page  460)  ; 
in  1914  the  absence  of  diseases  afforded  no  opportunity  for  compari- 
son (page  472).  In  both  years  the  plats  sprayed  with  lime  sulfur 
had  more  vigorous  foliage  than  those  sprayed  with  Bordeaux  (pages 
460  and  474). 

When  all  the  facts  are  taken  into  consideration,  it  is  concluded 
that  both  Bordeaux  and  lime  sulfur  are  efficient  fungicides;  that 
neither  is  always  free  from  injurious  effects  to  the  fruit  and  foliage ; 
that  lime  sulfur  used  for  sprays  before  July  1  is  io,=s  liable  to  injure 
fruit  and  foliage  than  Bordeaux;  that  lime  sulfur  used  after  July  1, 


JD18}  SPRAYING  APPLE  ORCHARDS  IN  1913  AND  1914  495 

or  during  excessively  hot  weather,  is  more  liable  to  injure  the  fruit 
than  Bordeaux ;  that  lime  sulfur  used  thruout  the  season  is  safer  than 
Bordeaux ;  and,  finally,  that  the  most  desirable  practice  is  to  use  lime 
sulfur  for  all  the  applications  made  in  April,  May,  and,  during  cool 
weather,  in  June,  and  Bordeaux  for  applications  made  in  July,  or  to 
omit  the  fungicide  entirely  from  the  July  sprays,  unless  the  season 
is  very  favorable  for  the  development  of  bitter  rot  or  other  fungous 
diseases. 

3.  Are  there  differences  between  various  brands  of  arsenate  of 
lead  which  would  make  one  brand  more  efficient  than  another? 

Table  36  presents  a  summary  of  the  effects  of  the  different  brands 
of  arsenate  of  lead  used  in  1913  and  1914.  Owing  to  the  variation  in 
the  number  of  tests  of  the  different  kinds  and  to  the  seeming  varia- 
tions in  the  effects  of  several  of  the  brands  themselves,  it  is  difficult 
to  draw  very  definite  conclusions  as  to  their  order  of  merit.  Among 
the  brands  that  gave  rather  distinctly  inferior  results  were  Grasselli 
dry,  Hemingway  paste,  and  Vreeland  dry  arsenates  of  lead.  Ans- 
bacher  paste  arsenate  of  lead,  which  was  used  in  one  experiment  only, 
gave  excellent  results  in  the  control  of  first-brood  codling  moth  and 
curculio,  with  a  somewhat  inferior  control  of  second-brood  codling 
moth.  Grasselli,  Sherwin-Williams,  and  Thomsen  triplumbic  paste 
arsenates  of  lead  were  somewhat  inconsistently  variable  in  their  ef- 
fects, giving  high  degrees  of  control  in  some  experiments  and  rela- 
tively low  in  others.  The  results  indicated  an  average  efficiency.  In 
the  experiments  at  Griggsville,  Grasselli  paste  arsenate  of  lead  gave 
better  results  than  Sherwin-Williams  paste  arsenate  of  lead,  while  in 
the  experiments  at  Neoga  the  results  were  reversed.  Corona  dry,  Dow 
paste,  and  Sherwin-Williams  dry  arsenates  of  lead  gave  the  most  con- 
sistently good  results  of  any  of  the  brands  used;  each  of  these  was 
tried  at  Neoga  and  Griggsville  with  closely  corresponding  effects: 

4.  Of  what  value  are  certain  new  and  proprietary  fungicides? 
The  new  and  proprietary  sprays  tested  were  copper  ferrocyanide, 

calcium  hyposulfite,  Thomsen  atomic  sulfur,  Niagara  and  Grasselli 
soluble  sulfur,  and  Sherwin-Williams  tuber  tonic.  The  effects  of  these 
sprays  in  comparison  with  the  average  effects  of  Bordeaux  and  lime 
sulfur  are  shown  in  Table  37. 

According  to  these  results,  the  effects  of  copper  ferrocyanide  were 
not  unfavorable.  The  complete  absence  of  fungous  diseases  in  some 
cases  and  the  presence  of  only  light  infections  in  others,  however,  pre- 
vent drawing  definite  conclusions  regarding  the  efficiency  of  the 
spray. 

The  fungicidal  efficiency  of  calcium  hyposulfite  was  not  deter- 
mined, owing  to  the  absence  of  fungous  diseases  at  Neoga,  where  the 
spray  was  used  in  1914.  It  was  reported  as  producing  fruit  of  un- 
usually high  color  and  finish. 


496 


BULLETIN  No.  206 


[April, 


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498  BULLETIN  No.  206  [April, 

Thomsen  atomic  sulfur  compared  favorably  with  Bordeaux  and 
lime  sulfur  as  a  fungicide;  it  generally  caused  no  russet,  but  pro- 
duced a  somewhat  higher  percentage  of  burn  than  lime  sulfur.  Its 
effect  on  the  health  and  vigor  of  the  foliage  was  equally  satisfactory 
with  lime  sulfur. 

Niagara  soluble  sulfur,  tho  causing  only  slight  foliage  injury  at 
Neoga,  so  seriously  injured  the  foliage  in  the  experiments  at  Griggs- 
ville  that  its  use  cannot  be  recommended.  Grasselli  soluble  sulfur, 
used  at  Neoga  in  1914,  caused  slight  foliage  injury,  but  no  informa- 
tion regarding  its  value  as  a  fungicide  was  obtained  owing  to  the  ab- 
sence of  fungous  infection. 

Sherwin-Williams  tuber  tonic  destroyed  both  fruit  and  foliage  and 
was  clearly  worthless  as  a  spray  for  apples. 

5.  Does  ihe  method  of  making  copper  ferrocyanide  affect  its  effi- 
ciency as  a  fungicide  or  insecticide? 

Experience  in  the  use  of  copper  ferrocyanide  in  1911  and  1912 
indicated  that  its  fungicidal  properties  were  not  sufficiently  effective 
or  active  to  control  the  common  apple  diseases.  The  composition  of 
the  compound,  the  ease  with  which  it  is  prepared,  and  its  excellent 
adhesive  properties,  however,  commend  it  as  a  spray.  It  was  decided, 
therefore,  to  determine  whether  different  methods  of  preparation 
would  affect  its  solubility  or  its  fungicidal  proper-ties.  This  work  was 
performed  at  Griggsville  in  1913,  with  the  results  reported  in  Table 
21,  page  466,  and  discussed  on  pages  467  and  468. 

Briefly,  the  tests  included  the  preparation  of  copper  ferrocyanide 
by  mixing  the  ingredients,  copper  sulfate  and  potassium  ferrocyanide, 
in  cold-concentrated,  hot-concentrated,  and  cold-dilute  solutions.  The 
very  light  attacks  of  fungi  rendered  comparisons  of  the  fungicidal 
value  of  copper  ferrocyanide  prepared  by  the  several  methods  insig- 
nificant ;  it  is  believed  that  the  small  differences  shown  in  the  results 
are  not  to  be  attributed  to  the  sprays  but  to  unequal  infections  of  the 
diseases  in  the  plats.  As  an  insecticide,  copper  ferrocyanide  without 
arsenate  of  lead  prepared  by  all  methods  proved  worthless. 

The  extremely  insoluble  character  of  copper  ferrocyanide  has  been 
suggested  as  an  explanation  for  its  ineffectiveness  as  a  fungicide  and 
insecticide.  An  experiment  was  performed  at  Griggsville  in  1914  in 
which  acetate  of  lead  was  added  to  the  copper  ferrocyanide  as  an 
accelerating  solvent,  with  the  results  presented  in  Table  33,  page  487, 
and  discussed  on  page  488. 

Owing  to  the  absence  of  apple  scab,  no  data  were  obtained  bearing 
on  the  control  of  this  disease.  The  data  presented  indicated  that  the 
spray  controlled  sooty  blotch,  but  the  experimenter  states  that  the 
freedom  of  the  sprayed  plats  from  sooty  blotch  may  have  been  due 
to  their  location  on  a  slightly  higher  elevation  .than  the  check  plats 
rather  than  to  the  effects  of  the  spray.  Moreover,  the  addition  of  the 
accelerating  solvent  failed  to  increase  the  insecticidal  properties  of 


SPRAYING  APPLE  ORCHARDS  IN  1913  AND  1914  499 

the  spray  to  any  practical  extent.  Except  where  arsenate  of  lead  was 
added  to  the  spray,  the  fruit  lacked  finish  and  was  in  no  way  superior 
to  unsprayed  fruit.  The  foliage  was  vigorous,  but  inferior  to  that  on 
trees  where  arsenate  of  lead  was  also  used. 

Tho  the  results  presented  in  Tables  21,  33,  and  37  are  not  suffi- 
ciently decisive  to  warrant  a  sweeping  condemnation  of  copper  ferro- 
cyanide  as  a  fungicide,  no  matter  how  prepared,  they  certainly  show 
nothing  that  would  warrant  its  recommendation,  while  as  an  insecti- 
cide it  has  little  or  perhaps  no  value. 

6.  What  effects  have  varying  quantities,  pressures,  and  nozzle 
openings  on  the  effectiveness  of  the  sprays? 

Table  38  presents  data  on  the  effects  of  varying  quantities,  pres- 
sures, and  nozzle  openings  on  the  control  of  insects  and  fungi,  and  on 
russet  and  burn.  Large  quantities  refer  to  drenching  sprays;  small 
quantities  to  thin  but  complete  coatings  of  spray  corresponding  rather 
closely  to  ordinary  commercial  spraying.  High  pressures  were  from 
190  to  250  pounds,  low  pressures  from  100  to  150  pounds.  Large- 
nozzle  openings  were  .07  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  small  nozzle  openings, 
.05  of  an  inch.  The  large  size  was,  therefore,  approximately  twice  as 
large  as  the  small  one.  The  openings  were  of  the  same  size  as  the 
large  and,  small  openings  ordinarily  found  in  commercial  nozzles  of 
the  disc  type.  I 

Large  quantities  of  spray  in  nearly  all  cases  gave  more  protection 
from  insects  and  diseases  than  small  quantities,  but  caused  spray  in- 
jury on  the  fruit.  In  the  control  of  the  late  broods  of  codling  moth 
the  results  are  inconsistent  and  so  low  in  both  cases  as  to  indicate  that 
the  spray  was  not  applied  at  the  right  time.  There  are  indications 
that  moderate  amounts  applied  so  carefully  as  to  coat  every  leaf  and 
apple  will  satisfactorily  control  apple  scab  and  sooty  blotch,  and  at  • 
the  same  time  prevent  serious  spray  injury,  but  that  large  amounts 
are  more  satisfactory  for  the  control  of  first-brood  codling  moth,  cur- 
culio,  and  apple  blotch. 

High  and  low  pressures  varied  less  in  their  effects  than  did  large 
and  small  quantities  of  spray.  High  pressures  clearly  controlled  first- 
brood  codling  moth  more  effectively  than  low  pressures,  but  the  dif- 
ferences were  not  so  great  as  might  have  been  expected.  In  the  only 
report  on  the  control  of  late  broods  of  codling  moth,  high  and  low 
pressures  were  equally  effective.  Practically,  they  were  of  equal  ef- 
fectiveness, also,  in  the  control  of  scab  and  blotch.  With  regard  to 
spray  injury  the  results  must  be  interpreted  with  reference  to  the 
quantity  factor  as  well  as  the  pressure  factor.  The  table  shows  that 
in  one  case  high  pressure  caused  8  percent  serious  russet  while  low 
pressure  caused  none;  in  another  experiment  high  pressure  and  low 
pressure  caused  equally  serious  injury,  and  in  a  third  experiment  low 
pressure  caused  more  injury  than  high  pressure.  At  Neoga  there  was 


500 


BULLETIN  No.  206 


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Small  amount 

2  Large  amount 
Small  amount 

3  Large  amount 
Small  amount 

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Small  amount 

3  Large  amount 
Small  amount 

••Large  amount 
Small  amount 

Large  amount 
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1918]  SPRAYING  APPLE  ORCHARDS  IN  1913  AND  1914  501 

no  quantity  check  on.  the  pressure  experiment;  at  Griggsville  there 
was  no  pressure  check  on  the  quantity  experiment;  but  at  Flora, 
where  the  series  of  experiments  was  especially  planned  to  investigate 
this  question,  corresponding  quantity  and  pressure  tests  were  made. 
The  probable  explanation  for  the  above  results  appears,  therefore,  in 
the  Flora  experiments,  where  the  data  showed  that  spray  injury  va- 
ried with  the  quantity  of  spray  applied  and  was  not  directly  attri- 
buted to  the  pressure  at  which  it  was  applied.  Confirmation  for  this 
conclusion  is  found  in  the  results  of  the  quantity  experiments  at 
Griggsville,  where  injury  to  the  fruit  varied  directly  with  the  quantity 
of  spray  applied.  The  results  at  Neoga,  tho  they  tend  to  show  that 
high  pressure  may  be  a  primary  cause  for  russet,  more  probably  indi- 
cate that  the  quantity  of  spray  rather  than  the  pressure  was  reponsi- 
ble  for  the  injury,  since,  under  a  higher  pressure,  the  application  of 
a  relatively  larger  quantity  of  spray  occurred.  It  is  to  be  concluded, 
therefore,  that  high  pressures  can  be  used  safely  thruout  the  entire 
spraying  season  provided  the  quantity  of  spray  applied  is  properly 
controlled. 

7.  Is  it  advantageous  to  interchange  Bordeaux  and  lime  sulfur  in 
a  spray  schedule,  using  Bordeaux  for  one  or  more  applications  and 
lime  sulfur  for  the  remaining  applications  ? 

Experiments  conducted  in  1911  and  1912  proved  that  both  lime 
sulfur  and  Bordeaux  have  a  place  in  the  spray  schedule  and  indi- 
cated that  while  lime  sulfur  should  be  used  for  the  two  sprays  fol- 
lowing the  fall  of  the  petals  in  May  or  the  first  part  of  June,  Bordeaux 
should  be  used  in  hot  weather  during  the  latter  part  of  June  and  the 
remainder  of  the  summer.  The  effects  of  Bordeaux  and  lime  sulfur 
for  the  cluster-bud  spray  left  room  for.  doubt,  some  experiments  in- 
dicating that  lime  sulfur  was  as  effective  as  Bordeaux,  and  others 
showing  less  favorable  results.1 

Information  bearing  on  this  question  was  obtained  in  1913  and 
1914,  both  from  direct  experiments  made  at  G-riggsville  and  from  re- 
sults obtained  in  other  experiments  where  the  spray  schedule  happened 
to  permit  comparisons.  The  direct  experiments  are  recorded  in  Table 
18,  page  461,  and  in  Table  25,  page  476.  These  results  confirm  the 
desirability  of  using  lime  sulfur  for  the  two  applications  following 
the  fall  of  the  petals,  and  Bordeaux  for  July  sprays,  and  in  addition 
they  indfcate  that  lime  sulfur  is  more  satisfactory  for  the  .cluster-bud 
spray  than  Bordeaux,  since  it  gave  equally  good  control  of  fungous 
diseases  and  caused  no  russeting  of  the  fruit.  Thruout  all  the  ex- 
periments burn  occurred  only  where  lime  sulfur  was  used  during  July, 
and  then  in  hot  weather.  Russeting  invariably  followed  the  use  of 
Bordeaux  for  the  cluster-bud  spray  in  the  experiments  at  Flora  and 
at  Griggsville,  but  was  not  always  observed  in  the  experiments  at 


*J.  C.  Blair  et  al.,  111.  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.  Bui.  185,  pp.  193-194. 


502 


BULLETIN  No.  206 


[April, 


Neoga.  In  occasional  instances  russeting  resulted  from  the  use  of 
lime  sulfur  applied  after  the  fall  of  the  petals  (Table  34,  page  491), 
but  in  these  cases  the  amount  was  small  and  generally  the  plats 
sprayed  with  lime  sulfur  alone  were  entirely  free  from  this  form  of 
injury. 

It  is  definitely  concluded  from  these  experiments,  therefore,  that 
when  fungicides  are  required,  lime  sulfur  should  be  used  for  all  the 
early  applications,  including  the  cluster-bud  spray,  the  calyx  spray, 
and  other  sprays  applied  in  May,  or  during  cool  weather  in  June,  and 
that  Bordeaux  should  be  used  during  hot  weather  in  June  and  at  all 
times  later  in  the  summer. 

8.  What  are  the  effects  of  certain  special  spray  practices  on  the 
control  of  codling  motkf 

Experiments  on  the  problem  of  special  sprays  included  the  ap- 
plication of  drenching  sprays  and  of  several  applications  made  in 
addition  to  the  regular  sprays.  Drenching  sprays  were  applied  in 
order  to  observe  their  efficacy  in  controlling  first-brood  codling  moth. 
The  other  special  sprays  were  applied  in  order  to  test  their  efficacy 
in  controlling  late  broods  of  codling  moth. 

TABLE  39. — EFFECTS  OF  DRENCHING  SPRAYS  ON  THE  CONTROL  OF  FIRST-BROOD 
CODLING  MOTH,  IN  FIELD  EXPERIMENTS  IN  SPRAYING,  1913  AND  1914 


Table 

Page 

Experi- 
menter 

Place 

Year 

Treatment 

Percentage 
control  of 
first-brood 
codling 
moth 

8 

446 

O.  S.  W. 

Neoga 

1914 

Drenching  spray 

(Bordeaux  nozzle) 

98 

• 

Ordinary  spray 

(Average  of  disc  nozzles) 

72 

23 

469 

A.J.G. 

Griggsville 

1913 

Drenching  spray 

(Average  of  heavy   appli- 

cations) 

84 

Ordinary  spray 

(Average    of    light    appli- 

cations) 

64 

26 

478 

A.  J.  G. 

Griggsville 

1914 

Drenching  spray 

(Bordeaux  nozzles) 

46 

Ordinary  spray 

(Disc  nozzles) 

•       95 

27 

478 

A.  J.  G. 

Griggsville 

1914 

Drenching  spray 

(Average    heavy     applica- 

tion) 

94 

Ordinary  spray 
(Average  light  application) 

90 

Table  39  presents  the  data  obtained  where  drenching  sprays  were 
used.    In  three  cases  out  of  four  the  drenching  spray  was  more  effi- 


1918] 


SPRAYING  APPLE  ORCHARDS  IN  1913  AND  1914 


503 


cacious  in  controlling  first-brood  codling  moth  than  the  ordinary  spray, 
but  in  the  fourth  case  it  was  less  than  half  as  efficient.  The  experi- 
menter in  charge  explains,  however,  that  as  this  spray  was  applied 
with  a  hand  outfit  and  thru  Bordeaux  nozzles,  it  was  impossible  to 
keep  up  a  satisfactory  pressure,  and  that  consequently  the  spray 
failed  to  reach  the  calyx  cups  so  well  as  the  other  sprays.  In  the 
other  three  experiments  the  sprays  were  applied  either  with  a  power 
outfit  or  thru  disc  nozzles  under  satisfactory  pressures.  It  is  con- 
cluded, therefore,  that  a  rather  large  amount  driven  home  under  con- 
siderable pressure  is  desirable  for  the  calyx  spray. 

TABLE  40. — EFFECTS  OF  SPRAYING  FOR  LATE  BROODS  OF  CODLING  MOTH,  IN  FIELD 
EXPERIMENTS  IN  SPRAYING,  1913  AND  1914 


Table 

Page 

Experi- 
menter 

Place 

Year 

Time  of  application 

Percentage 
control  of 
late  broods 
of  codling 
moth 

4 
9 
30 
9 
9 
9 

437 
447 
483 
447 
447 
447 

O.  S.  W. 
O.  S.  W. 
A.  J.  G. 
O.  S.  W. 
0.  S.  W. 
O.S.W. 

Neoga 
Neoga 
Griggsville 
Neoga 
Neoga 
Neoga 

1913 
1914 
1914 
1914 
1914 
1914 

July  8-10 
July  8-10 
July  8-10 
June  14 
Sept.  1 
June  14,  July  8,  Sept.  1 

17 
0 
58 
54 
42 
91 

Table  40  presents  the  results  of  sprays  applied  especially  for  the 
control  of  late  broods  of  codling  moth  and  forms  the  basis  for  one  of 
the  most  important  conclusions  derived  from  the  experiments  per- 
formed in  1913  and  1914.  The  spray  applied  July  8  to  10  is  the 
regular  second-brood  codling-moth  spray.  The  sprays  made  at  Neoga 
in  1914  on  June  14  and  September  1  were  applied  because  of  the 
prevalence  of  adult  moths  and  eggs  then  in  the  orchard  and  because 
of  the  failure  of  the  early  July  spray  to  control  the  late  broods  in 
1913.  The  results  show  that  the  regular  second-brood  codling-moth 
spray  was  largely  ineffective  at  Neoga  in  1913  and  entirely  so  in  1914, 
while  a  spray  applied  about  the  middle  of  June  reduced  late-brood 
injury  by  54  percent,  a  spray  applied  September  1  reduced  it  42  per- 
cent, and  sprays  applied  both  the  middle  of  June  and  on  September  1 
reduced  it  91  percent.  At  the  same  time  at  Griggsville  the  early  July 
spray  reduced  injury  from  late  broods  of  codling  moth  by  58  percent. 

In  connection  with  these  data  must  also  be  considered  the  facts 
that  in  both  1918  and  1914  a  third  or  partial  third  brood  of  codling 
moth  appeared  very  late  in  the  summer,  and  that  the  weather  condi- 
tions appeared  to  be  very  favorable  for  a  rapid  reproduction  and 
development  of  the  insect. 

It  is  concluded,  therefore,  from  these  experiments  in  which  cod- 
ling-moth attacks  varied  in  time  and  severity  with  the  season  and 


504  BULLETIN  No.  206  [April, 

locality  that  (1)  in  exceptional  seasons,  a  fixed  schedule  is  likely  to 
fail  in  effective  control;  and  (2)  it  is  possible,  by  expert  observation, 
to  determine  the  proper  time  and  the  probable  need  for  sprays  for 
late  broods  of  codling  moth. 

9.  Can  lime  sulfur  be  diluted  sufficiently  to  prevent  burn  in  hot 
weather  and  at  the  same  time  retain  its  fungicidal  effectiveness? 

Table  29,  page  482,  presents  the  results  of  an  experiment  per- 
formed at  Griggsville  in  1914  to  answer  this  question.  The  results 
show  almost  equal  amounts  of  burn  where  weak  and  strong  solutions 
were  used,  together  with  equal  control  of  sooty  blotch,  the  only  dis- 
ease recorded.  These  results,  however,  are  not  to  be  considered  con- 
clusive, because  of  the  general  absence  of  fungous  diseases  and  also 
because  of  the  fact  that  the  greatest  dilution  used  was  only  1  in  50. 

INCIDENTAL  OBSERVATIONS 

1.  At  Neoga  in  1914  the  trees  in  the  sprayed  plats  were  banded 
with  paper  or  burlap  bands  designed  to  act  as  traps  for  pupating 
codling  moths.    In  confirmation  of  the  favorable  results  which  many 
times  in  the  past  have  been  claimed  for  this  practice,  trap-banding 
was  found  to  be  a  useful  supplement  to  spraying  in  controlling  codling 
moth,  especially  when  the  pests  are  numerous. 

2.  A  fixed  spray  schedule  is  based  on  the  proposition  that  spray- 
ing is  an  insurance  to  be  employed  annually  against  certain  frequently 
recurring  insects  and  fungi  whose  habits  are  presumably  fairly  con- 
stant and  well  known.    A  fixed  spray  schedule  has  the  advantage  of 
simplicity  and  can  be  learned  and  followed  easily  by  the  majority  of 
fruit  growers.     Experience  has  shown  its  practicability  and  widely 
satisfactory  results.    The  results  of  the  spraying  experiments  in  1913 
and  1914,  however,  raise  the  question  of  the  advisability  of  adhering 
to  a  rigid  spray  schedule. 

A  complete  and  final  answer  to  the  question  cannot  be  derived  from 
the  results  of  the  experiments  in  1913  and  1914  nor  from  the  com- 
bined results  of  all  the  spraying  experiments  performed  thus  far  by 
this  and  other  experiment  stations.  From  the  information  now  avail- 
able the  conclusion  appears  warranted  that  a  fixed  spray  schedule 
must  be  the  backbone  of  spraying  advice,  but  that  variations  from  this 
schedule  may  be  determined  by  painstaking  observations  made  either 
by  growers  whose  skill,  training,  judgment,  available  time,  and  knowl- 
edge of  the  theory  and  practice  of  orchard  spraying  fit  them  to  ob- 
serve and  interpret  their  observations  correctly,  or  by  their  scientif- 
ically trained  representatives  working  in  the  field  and  laboratory. 


1918}  SPRAYING  APPLE  ORCHARDS  IN  1913  AND  1914  506 

Recommendations 

The  following  recommendations,  while  largely  similar  to  those 
presented  in  Bulletin  185,  present  certain  modifications  based  on  the 
results  of  the  work  in  1913  and  1914,  including  recommendations  re- 
garding pressures;  a  change  from  Bordeaux  to  lime  sulfur  for  the 
cluster-bud  spray;  the  omission  of  the  application  within  ten  days 
after  the  calyx  spray  except  in  previously  neglected  orchards  and  in 
seasons  favorable  for  apple  scab  development;  the  application  of  a 
spray  commencing  three  weeks  after  the  calyx  spray,  approximately 
just  preceding  the  hatching  of  the  first-brood  codling-moth  eggs ;  and 
the  addition  of  a  special  apple-blotch  spray  six  to  seven  weeks  after 
the  fall  of  the  petals  in  localities  where  blotch  is  prevalent. 

1.  Dormant-tree  Spray. — This  spray  is  used  particularly  for  the 
control  of  San  Jose  scale.     It  is  applied  in  the  fall  after  the  leaves 
have  dropped  or  in  the  spring  before  the  buds  have  opened,  prefera- 
bly at  the  latter  time.    Where  San  Jose  scale  is  present  or  is  known 
to  infest  a  certain  locality,  this  spray  is  a  necessity,  and  it  is  advised 
as  a  matter  of  precaution  in  all  orchards  thruout  the  state. 

The  dormant-tree  spray  should  be  either  commercial  or  homemade 
lime  sulfur.  The  commercial  lime  sulfur  testing  33°  Baume  should 
be  used  at  the  rate  of  11  gallons  of  commercial  lime  sulfur  to  89  gal- 
lons of  water,  or  11  gallons  of  commercial  lime  sulfur  in  100  gallons 
of  the  spray.  This  is  equivalent  to  1  gallon  of  commercial  lime  sulfur 
to  8  gallons  water.  The  homemade  lime  sulfur,  made  according  to 
the  Illinois  formula  (100  pounds  sulfur,  50  pounds  lime,  66  gallons 
water),  is  used  at  the  rate  of  20  gallons  of  stock  solution  homemade 
lime  sulfur  to  80  gallons  of  water,  or  20  gallons  of  homemade  lime 
sulfur  in  100  gallons  of  spray. 

The  dormant-tree  spray  may  be  applied  at  as  high  a  pressure  as 
the  machine  in  use  will  permit,  preferably  175  pounds  or  more.  Satis- 
factory work,  however,  can  be  done  at  low  pressures  if  pains  are  taken 
to  spray  thoroly. 

2.  First   Regular   Summer  Spray    (Cluster-bud    Spray}. — This 
spray  is  used  particularly  for  the  control  of  apple  scab.    A  secondary 
object  in  its  use,  however,  is  to  kill  the  various  leaf-eating  insects 
which  appear  early  in  the  season,  including  bud  moth,  tent  cater- 
pillar, and  cankerworm.     These  insects,  tho  not  always  present  in 
large  numbers,  are  likely  to  cause  serious  damage  and  hence  must  be 
guarded  against.    Thruout  the  southern  third  of  the  state  this  spray 
may  be  omitted  in  orchards  which  are  free  from  cankerworm,  and 
vrhich  were  free  from  serious  scab  infection  during  the  preceding 
season. 

The  first  summer  application  is  made  after  the  cluster  buds  open, 
as  soon  as  the.  individual  flower  buds  spread  apart,  but  before  the 


506  BULLETIN  No.  206  [April, 

flower  buds  themselves  open.  In  large  commercial  orchards  it  will  be 
found  necessary  to  begin  spraying  before  all  the  individual  flower 
buds  have  spread  apart,  in  order  to  complete  spraying  before  the  first 
blossoms  open.  Spraying  may  be  continued  at  this  time  until  the 
petals  have  commenced  to  separate,  but  should  be  discontinued  as 
soon  as  the  stamens  and  pistils  of  the  flowers  are  exposed. 

Lime  sulfur  at  the  rate  of  2  y2  gallons  of  commercial  concentrated, 
or  5  gallons  of  homemade  (Illinois  formula)  solution  in  100  gallons 
of  spray,  with  4  pounds  paste  or  2  pounds  dry  arsenate  of  lead,  should 
be  used  at  this  application. 

This  spray  may  be  applied  with  satisfactory  results  at  all  pressures 
from  100  to  250  pounds.  Care  must  be  taken,  however,  to  spray 
thoroly  at  the  low  pressures  and  to  avoid  excessive  spraying  at  the 
high  pressures. 

3.  Second  Regular  Summer  Spray  (Calyx  Spray) . — This  spray  is 
used  particularly  for  the  control  of  codling  moth,  but  it  is  of  almost 
equal  importance  as  a  preventive  of  apple  scab.    Incidentally,  it  is 
advantageous  as  a  protection  against  curculio  and  various  leaf-eating 
insects. 

It  is  applied  immediately  after  the  fall  of  the  petals,  while  the 
lobes  of  the  calyx  are  still  distended.  The  greater  number  of  the  first- 
brood  codling  moth  enter  the  apple  thru  the  calyx  end.  By  spraying 
the  trees  while  the  calyx  cups  are  still  open,  poison  will  be  placed 
on  the  bases  of  the  lobes  and  stamens  and  sometimes  within  the  cup 
itself,  where  the  larvae  of  the  codling  moth  are  reasonably  sure  to  get 
it  when  entering  the  apple.  At  this  stage  the  small  apples  point 
upward  or  outward,  and  the  calyxes  are  easily  coated  with  poison. 

For  this  application  lime  sulfur  arsenate  of  lead,  at  the  rate  of 
21/2  gallons  of  commercial  concentrated  lime  sulfur  or  5  gallons  of 
homemade  lime  sulfur  (Illinois  formula)  with  4  pounds  paste  or  2 
pounds  dry  arsenate  of  lead  in  100  gallons  of  spray,  should  be  used. 
This  spray  is  most  effective  applied  at  high  pressures,  but  will  give 
good  results  at  all  pressures  from  100  to  250  pounds.  Very  thoro 
work,  even  at  the  risk  of  wasting  some  material,  is  advised. 

4.  Extra  Apple-scab   Spray. — This   spray,   designed  to  control 
apple  scab,  is  necessary  in  neglected  orchards,  and  is  desirable  in  well- 
cared-for  orchards  in  cool,  showery  seasons  favorable  for  the  develop- 
ment of  apple  scab.    It  should  be  applied  within  ten  days  after  the 
second  summer  application,  or  calyx  spray.    Incidentally  it  may  be 
helpful  in  controlling  codling  moth,  leaf-eating  insects,  and  such  fun- 
gous diseases  as  blotch,  sooty  blotch,  and  leaf  spot.    These  latter,  how- 
ever, are  better  controlled  by  the  third  regular  summer  spray,  which 
should  be  applied  three  weeks  after  the  second,  or  calyx  spray.    In  the 
northern  part  of  the  state,  where  the  extra  apple  scab  spray  is  made, 
the  regular  third  summer  spray  may  be  omitted.     In  the  southern 


1918}  SPRAYING  APPLE  ORCHARDS  IN  1913  AND  1914  507 

part  of  the  state,  however,  it  is  necessary  to  retain  the  regular  third 
spray  as  a  protection  against  apple  blotch. 

For  this  application  lime  sulfur  arsenate  of  lead,  2y2  gallons  of 
commercial  concentrated  lime  sulfur  or  5  gallons  homemade  lime  sul- 
fur (Illinois  formula)  with  4  pounds  paste  or  2  pounds  dry  arsenate 
of  lead  in  100  gallons  of  spray,  should  be  used.  This  spray  will  give 
good  results  at  all  pressures  from  100  to  250  pounds. 

5.  Third  Regular  Summer  Spray  (Hatching  Spray,  First-brood 
Codling    Moth;    First    Apple-blotch    Spray.)  — This    spray   is    de- 
signed to  supplement  the  calyx  spray  in  destroying  first-brood  codling 
moth.     It  renews  the  coating  of  poison  on  the  exterior  of  the  apple 
where  rapid  growth  and  rains  may  have  thinned  it  out  or  removed 
it,  thus  insuring  a  poisoned  meal  both  on  the  skin  of  the  apple  and 
within  the  calyx  cup  when  the  newly  hatched  codling  moth  begins  to 
feed.    Usually  the  application  should  be  made  three  weeks  after  the 
calyx  spray  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state,  and  four  weeks  after 
the  calyx  spray  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state,  but  accurate  ob- 
servations of  the  time  of  the  appearance  of  the  moths  and  the  laying 
of  the  eggs  may  permit  an  exact  determination  of  the  proper  time 
for  this  spray.     This  application  is  the  most  important  one  for  the 
control  of  apple  blotch,  is  often  useful  in  apple-scab  control,  and  in- 
cidentally furnishes  protection  against  leaf-eating  insects,  curculio, 
sooty  blotch,  and  leaf  spot. 

For  this  application  lime  sulfur  arsenate  of  lead,  2y2  gallons  of 
commercial  concentrated  or  5  gallons  homemade  lime  sulfur  (Illinois 
formula)  with  4  pounds  paste  or  2  pounds  dry  arsenate  of  lead  in  100 
gallons  of  spray,  should  be  used.  This  spray  will  give  good  results 
at  all  pressures  from  100  to  250  pounds. 

6.  Second  Apple-blotch  Spray. — This  spray  is  necessary  only  in 
orchards  where  blotch  is  prevalent.    It  should  be  applied  two  to  three 
weeks  after  the  third  regular  summer  spray. 

Lime  sulfur,  2y2  gallons  of  commercial  concentrated  or  5  gallons 
homemade  lime  sulfur  (Illinois  formula)  in  100  gallons  of  spray, 
should  be  used  unless  the  weather  is  unusually  hot. (90°  F.  or  above), 
in  which  case  Bordeaux  (8-8-100)  should  be  substituted.  Arsenate 
of  lead  is  usually  unnecessary  in  this  spray,  but  if  observations  indi- 
cate the  free  hatching  of  codling-moth  larvae  at  this  time,  the  poison 
should  be  added  in  the  usual  proportions. 

7.  First  Bitter-rot  Spray. — This  spray  is  necessary  only  in  the 
southern  third  of  the  state  and  in  orchards  where  bitter  rot  is  known 
to  be  prevalent.    Its  application  may  even  be  confined,  in  individual 
orchards,  to  localized  areas  or  to  susceptible  varieties.    The  time  for 
application  is  July  1. 

Bordeaux  (8-8-100)  should  be  used.  Pressures  from  100  to  250 
pounds  will  give  satisfactory  results. 


508  BULLETIN  No.  206 

8.  Fourth  Regular  Summer  Spray  (Second-brood  Codling-moth 
Spray). — This  spray  is  applied  particularly  for  the  control  of  second- 
brood  codling  moth.     Incidentally  it  is  useful  for  the  prevention  of 
curculio-feeding  injury,  and,  in  case  a  fungicide  is  added,  for  blotch, 
sooty  blotch,  and  leaf  spot.  ' 

It  is  made  approximately  ten  weeks  after  the  bloom,  or  at  times 
varying  from  July  1  in  the  extreme  southern  part  of  the  state  to 
August  1  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state.  Exact  observations  on 
the  time  of  general  emergence  of  second-brood  moths  and  their  period 
of  egg-laying,  however,  will  permit  an  accurate  determination  of  the 
time  for  this  spray. 

Unless  fungous  infection  is  anticipated,  4  pounds  of  paste  or  2 
pounds  of  dry  arsenate  of  lead  and  4  pounds  of  freshly  slaked  lime 
in  100  gallons  of  water  should  be  the  spray  used.  If  a  fungicide  is 
desired,  Bordeaux  (8-8-100)  should  be  used.  This  spray  may  be  satis- 
factorily applied  at  all  pressures  ranging  from  100  to  250  pounds. 

9.  Extra  Bitter-rot  Sprays. — Where  bitter  rot  is  anticipated,  it 
is  necessary  to  spray  four  times  at  intervals  of  ten  days,  commencing 
July  1.    One  of  these  applications,  generally  the  second,  will  coincide 
with  the  regular  second-brood  codling-moth  spray.     Following  this 
application,  therefore,  there  should  be  two  extra  bitter-rot  applica- 
tions at  ten-day  intervals. 

Bordeaux  (8-8-100)  should  be  used  at  pressures  which  may  vary 
from  100  to  250  pounds. 

10.  Extra   Codling-moth   Spray   for   Third   Brood. — Somewhat 
rarely  the  apple  crop  in  the  southern  half  of  Illinois  is  very  seriously 
damaged  by  a  third  brood  of  codling-moth  larvge.    In  such  seasons  a 
spray  should  be  applied  for  their  control.    The  time  for  the  applica- 
tion ought  to  be  determined  by  careful  observations  of  the  appearance 
of  the  third  brood  of  adult  moths  and  their  period  of  egg-laying.    Such 
an  attack  would  probably  occur  between  the  last  week  in  August  and 
the  close  of  the  harvest  season.    The  attack  is  not  likely  to  come  all 
at  once,  but  will  probably  be  more  or  less  continuous.    August  28  to 
September  3  prov.ed  to  be  the  correct  time  for  this  spray  in  the  ex- 
periments at  Neoga  in  1914.    Observations  made  at  Griggsville  during 
the  same  season  indicated  that  the  second  or  third  week  in  September 
would  have  been  the  correct  time  in  that  locality. 

For  this  spray  use  4  pounds  paste  or  2  pounds  dry  arsenate  of 
lead  and  4  pounds  freshly  slaked  lime  in  100  gallons  of  water.  Apply 
under  pressures  ranging  from  100  to  250  pounds. 


INDEX 


Amounts  of  spray,  varying,  455,  499-501 
Apple  flea-weevil,  452,  453 
Apple-leaf  roller,  452,  453 
Applications:     dormant,    431;     summer, 

431;  times  of,  431 

Banding  trees,  for  codling  moth,  447,  504 
Bitter  rot,  sprays  for,  507,  508 
Blotch,  452,  454-57,  493,  499 

Sprays  for,  506-07 
Brown   spots  on   foliage,   460,   468,  -  470, 

474,  475 

Bud  moth,  spray  for,  505 
Burn,  lime  sulfur,  429,  445,  448,  474-Vs, 

480-86,  489,  494-98,  501,  504 
Cankcrworm,  spray  for,  505 
Codling  moth,  429,   432-40,   441,  443-48, 
454-57,  463-71,   472-89,   490-93,  495- 
99,  502-04.     Sprays  for,  506-08 
Cracking,  437-38 
Curculio,    460-71,    474-88,    490,    493-9V, 

499.     Sprays  for,  506-07 
Fourth  summer  application,  value  of, 

481-84.    See  also  Sprays,  special 
Frog-eye  fungus,  see  Leaf  spot 
Leaf  burning,  434,  445,  484 
Leaf  burning   (tip  and  edge),  465,  468, 

470,  474,  475,  479,  481,  486 
Leaf  spot,  452,  453,  460,  463,  467,  468, 

470,  494.     Spray  for,  506 
Nozzles 

Effectiveness  of  various  types,  445-46 
Size  of,  varying,  456-57,  499-501 
Objects  of  1913-1914  experiments,  429 
Orchards,  location  and   description 
Flora,  1913,  451 
Griggsville,  1913,  458 
Griggsville,  1914,  472 
Neoga,  1913,  432 
Nrtoga,  1914,  441 
Pressure,    varying,    437-39,    445,    454-55, 

499-501 

Eecommendations,  505-08 
Records,   431 

Russet,  Bordeaux,  429,  432,  437-38,  440, 
445,  449,  454-57,  460-65,  470-71,  474, 
477-84,  486,  489,  494,  49-9-502 
Russet,  lime  sulfur,  435,  460,  467-70,  474, 

480 

San  Jose  scale,  spray  for,  505 
Scab  on  foliage,  452,  453,  472 
Scab  on  fruit,  454-57,  460-71,  488,  490- 

93,  498-99.     Sprays  for,  505-07 
Sooty  blotch,  460-71,  474-89,  493,  498 

Sprays  for,  506-07 
Spray  schedule 
Fixed,  504 
Recommended,  505-08 


Sprays 
•  Acetate     of    lead,    with    copper    fer- 

rocyanide,  488 
Arsenate  of  lead 

Brands  of,  434-36,  442-45,484-86,495. 
Ansbacher,  486,  495;  Corona,  435, 
443-44,  486,  495;  Dow,  443-44,  486, 
495;  Grasselli,  435,  443-44,  486, 
495 ;  Hemingway,  435,  495 ;  Sher- 
win-Williams, 435,  443-44,  486,  495; 
Thomsen,  435,  443-44,  486,  495; 
Vreeland,  435,  495;  used  alone,  434- 

35,  443-44;    with   lime   sulfur,   435- 

36,  444-45 

Effectiveness  of,  490-94 
Formula,  431 

Paste  and  powdered,  compared,  465 
Atomic  sulfur,  445,  468,  486,  498 
Bordeaux 

Compared  with  lime  sulfur,  see  Lime 

sulfur  and  Bordeaux 
Effectiveness  of,  490-94 
Formula,  430 

Russet,  description  and  cause,  449 
Calcium  hyposulfite,  445,  495 
Copper  ferrocyanide,  445,  495 

Prepared  in  different  ways,   467-68, 

498-99 

With  acetate  of  lead,  488 
With  arsenate  of  lead,  437 
Lime  sulfur 

Commercial   (formula),  430 
Compared    with    atomic    sulfur    and 

soluble  sulfur,  468,  486 
Effectiveness   of,   490-94 
Homemade   (formula),   430 
Various  strengths  of,  467,  481,  504 
Lime  sulfur  and  Bordeaux 

Interchanging,  value  of,  463,  475-77, 

501-02 
Light   and  heavy  applications,   470, 

479-81 
Relative   values   of,    459-60,    473-75, 

494-95 

Soluble  sulfur,  445,  468,  486,  498 
Special,  for  codling  moth,  502-04 
Drenching,  477-79,  502 
For  delayed  broods,  446-47,  503 
Fourth   summer,    for   second    brood, 

436-37 
Standard 

Formulas  and  preparation,  430-31 
General  effectiveness  of,  490-94 
Tuber  tonic,  445,  498 
Tent  caterpillar,  spray  for,  505 
Yellow-leaf,  438,  474,  475,  479,  486 


509 


UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS-URBANA 


